in the name of allah. human anatomy the skull 22 bones joined together by sutures cranial bones...

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

Human Anatomy

Facial Bones with glasses onFacial Bones with glasses on

The Skull

• 22 bones joined together by sutures

• Cranial bones surround cranial cavity– 8 bones

• Facial bones support teeth & form nasal cavity & orbit– 14 bones

• The skull is divided into two parts:

1. Neurocranium- which forms a protective case or “vault” around the brain

2. Viscerocranium- which forms the anterior part of the skull including the orbits, nasal cavities

and upper/lower jaw bones

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

Frontal coronal suture Parietal

SphenoidTemporal

Occipital

Mandible

maxilla

Nasal

Inferior Nasalconchae

Vomer

Lacrimal

Zygomatic

Inferior NasalConchae

Vomer Mandible

Maxilla

Nasal

Skull = Cranium + Mandible

Neurocranium (8):-Frontal (پيشانی)

-Parietal(2)(آهيانه) -Temporal (2)(گيجگاهی)

-Occipital( (پسسری -Sphenoid( ای (پروانه

-Ethmoid(پرويزنی)

Facial skeleton (Viscerocranium) (14): -Lacrimal (2)(اشکی)

-Nasal (2)(بينی) -Maxillae (2)( باال (فک -Zygomatic (2)( گونه

(ای -Palatine (2)(کامی) -Inferior nasal

conchae (2)( شاخکبينی (پايينی

-Mandible (1)( فک(پايين

-Vomer (1) ( بينی (تيغه

Calva, Calvarium

Cranium ~Neurocranium

Frontal Bone

• Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium

• Forms roof of the orbit• Contains frontal sinus

Parietal Bone

• Forms cranial roof and part of its lateral walls

• Bordered by 4 sutures– coronal, sagittal, lambdoid

and squamous

• Marked by temporal lines of temporalis muscleTemporal lines

Temporal Bone

• Forms lateral wall & part of floor of cranial cavity– squamous part

• zygomatic process

• mandibular fossa & TMJ

– tympanic part• external auditory meatus

• styloid process

– mastoid part• mastoid process

• mastoid notch– digastric muscle

Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone

• Forms part of cranial floor– separates middle from

posterior cranial fossa

• Houses middle and inner ear cavities

Openings in Temporal Bone

Occipital Bone

• Foramen magnum holds spinal cord

• occipital condyles

Dr Namavar 18

Sphenoid = = ای پره شب ای پروانه

Sphenoid Bone

• Lesser wing

• Greater wing

• Body of sphenoid

• Medial and lateral pterygoid processes

Sphenoid Bone

• Body of the sphenoid– sella turcica contains deep

pit (hypophyseal fossa)

– houses pituitary gland

• Lesser wing– optic foramen contains optic

nerve & ophthalmic a.

Sphenoid Bone

• Sphenoid sinus

Ethmoid Bone

• Between the orbital cavities• Forms lateral walls and roof of nasal

cavity• Cribriform plate & crista galli• Ethmoid air cells form ethmoid sinus• Perpendicular plate forms part of

nasal septum• Concha or turbinates on lateral wall

Ethmoid Bone

• Superior & middle concha• Perpendicular plate of nasal

septum

Maxillary Bones• Forms upper jaw

– alveolar processes are bony pointsbetween teeth

– alveolar sockets hold teeth

• Forms inferomedial wall of orbit– infraorbital foramen

• Forms anterior 2/3’sof hard palate– incisive foramen– cleft palate

Locations of Paranasal Sinuses

• Maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone• Other bones containing sinuses are frontal, ethmoid &

sphenoid.

EthmoidMaxillarySphenoid

Frontal

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Slide 5.25b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

o Functions of paranasal sinusesoLighten the skulloGive resonance and amplification to voice

Figure 5.10

SINUSE

Palatine Bones

• L-shaped bone• Posterior 1/3 of the hard

palate • Part of lateral nasal wall• Part of the orbital floor

Zygomatic Bones

• Forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall

• Zygomatic arch is formed from zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

Lacrimal Bones

• Form part of medial wall of each orbit

• Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac in life

Nasal Bones

• Forms bridge of nose and supports cartilages of nose

• Often fractured by blow to the nose

Inferior Nasal Conchae

• A separate bone

Vomer

• Inferior half of the nasal septum

• Supports cartilage of nasal septum

Mandible• Only bone of the skull that can move

– jaw joint formed between mandibular fossaof temporal bone & condyloid process

• Holds the lower teeth• Attachment of muscles of mastication

– temporalis muscle onto coronoid process

– masseter muscle onto angle of mandible

• Mandibular foramen• Mental foramen

• Auditory ossicles– malleus– incus– stapes

• Hyoid bone– suspended from styloid

process of skull by stylohyoid muscle and ligament

– greater & lesser cornua

Bones Associated With the Skull

Major Skull Cavities

• Cranial cavity holds brain• Orbit contains eyeball &

extraocular muscles• Ethmoid sinus• Nasal cavity• Maxillary sinus• Oral cavity

Cranial Fossa

• 3 basins that comprise the cranial floor or base– Anterior cranial fossa

– Middle cranial fossa

– Posterior cranial fossa

The Skull in Infancy & Childhood

• Spaces between unfused skull bones called fontanelles– filled with fibrous membrane

– allow shifting of bones during birth & growth of brain in infancy

• 2 frontalle bones fuse by age six– metopic suture

Cranial Nerves I = Olfactory: بويايی II = Optic: بينايی III = Oculomotor: چشم محرکه IV = Trochlear: ای قرقره V = Trigeminal: قلو Ophthalmic,Maxillary, Mandibularسه VI = Abducent: اشتياقی VII = Facial: ای چهره صورتی، VIII = Cochleovestibular: - تعادلی- شنوايی دهليزی، حلزونی IX = Glossopharyngeal: -حلقی زبانی X = Vagus: - معدی ريوی مبهم، واگ، XI = Spinal accessory: نخاعی فرعی XII = Hypoglossal: زيرزبانی