industrial/organizational psychology. 1. hugo munsterberg – “father” of industrial psychology...
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Careers in Psychology
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
1. Hugo Munsterberg – “Father” of Industrial Psychology
In 1911, cautioned managers to be concerned with “all the questions of the mind … “
First to encourage government funded research in industrial psych.
In 1913, published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
Brief History of I/O Psychology
Persons need to fit organizations
Behavioral science can help organizations shape better-fitting employees
New employees can serve as “replacement parts” for the organizational machine
Assumptions of Munsterberg’s Approach
2. Frederick W. Taylor – First “Efficiency Expert”
Argued for redesign of workplace to achieve
higher productivity
Conducted first time and motion studies of
worker behavior
In 1911, published The Principles of Scientific
Management
Work methods should be designed scientifically to maximize efficiency
The best workers should be selected,then trained in the best work methods
Showed iron workers more productive if given rest periods:
*Productivity increased almost 4-fold*Production cost dropped by more
than 50%
Assumptions of Taylor’s Approach
1. Inhumane exploitation of workers to increase profits
2. Increased unemployment because fewer workers needed to do same amount of work
First World War Ends Complaints!
Complaints Against Taylor(and other Efficiency Experts)
3. Robert Yerkes – “Father” of group testing
In 1917, proposed ways of screening army
recruits for mental deficiency and assigning
to specific army jobs
Created Army Alpha and Army Beta pencil-
and-paper intelligence tests
1917 – Journal of Applied Psychology first published
1921 – James McKeen Cattell founds The Psychological Corporation to promote usefulness of psychology to industry
1924 – Hawthorne Studies conducted to identify factors increasing productivity
1933 – Elton Mayo demonstrates importance of employee attitudes and employer sensitivity
Other Significant Events
1932 – Morris Viteles publishes Industrial Psychology, first use of that phrase in print
1939 – Kurt Lewin publishes first empirical study of effects of leadership style
1941-1945 – I/O psychologists help army develop General Classification Test for draftees
OSS (precursor to CIA) develops stress and other assessment tests for candidates to be agents
Other Significant Events
1945 – Kurt Lewin forms Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT (later moved to U. of Michigan)
1946 – I/O psychologists form Division 14 of APA
1950’s – Skinner initiates discussion of behaviorism applied to the workplace
1960’s – David McClelland (and others) propose various theories of achievement motivation
Other Significant Events
1970’s – Skinner (in Beyond Freedom and Dignity) advocates b. mod. strategies to motivate persons in organizations
Porter and Lawler propose expectancy model of motivation in the workplace
1980’s to present – Explosion of I/O research and application
Other Significant Events
“The general practice specialty of professional psychology with a focus on scientifically based solutions to human problems in work and other organizational settings.”
I/O Psychology Defined
Core undergraduate education in
1. Biological bases of behavior2. Cognitive-affective bases of behavior3. Social bases of behavior4. Individual differences5. Research methods6. Psychological/behavioral measurement7. Statistical methods
Educational Requirements
Advanced (graduate) education in1. Ethical/legal issues in the practice of I/O psychology2. Consulting and business skills3. Attitude theory4. Career development5. Consumer behavior6. Health/stress effects on individuals in organizations7. Human factors and performance (a la Taylor)8. Individual/group/organizational assessment methods9. Job/task analysis10. Job evaluation11. Work motivation and compensation12. Leadership and management theory13. Organizational theory14. Training theory and program design/evaluation
Educational Requirements
Job/task analyses Development/validation of organizational
policies/procedures Analyses of employee morale, job
satisfaction, and organizational environment Leadership and team development Management consultation and coaching Human resource planning and policy
analyses Expert testimony in employer/employee
disputes, such as sexual harassment cases
What I/O Psychologists Do
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