information security principles of data security data inventory authentication audit trail...
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Information Security
Principles of Data SecurityData InventoryAuthentication
Audit TrailAdditional Audit Functions
AcknowledgmentsMaterial is sourced from: CISA® Review Manual 2011, ©2010, ISACA. All rights reserved. Used by
permission. CISM® Review Manual 2012, ©2011, ISACA. All rights reserved. Used by
permission. CISA ® Certified Information Systems Auditor All-in-One Exam Guide, Peter
H Gregory, McGraw-Hill
Author: Susan J Lincke, PhDUniv. of Wisconsin-Parkside
Reviewers/Contributors: Megan Reid, Kahili Cheng
Funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) grant 0837574: Information Security: Audit, Case Study, and Service Learning.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and/or source(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
ObjectivesStudent should know:Define information security principles: need-to-know, least privilege, segregation of duties, privacyDefine information security management positions: data owner, data custodians, security administratorDefine access control techniques: mandatory, discretionary, role-based, physical, single sign-onDefine authentication combination: single factor, two factor, three factor multifactorDefine Biometric: FRR, FAR, FER, EERDefine elements of BLP: read down, write up, tranquility principle, declassificationDefine military security policy: level of trust, confidentiality principleDefine backup rotation, incremental backup, differential backup, degauss, audit trail, audit reduction, criticality classification, sensitivity classificationDevelop an information security classification scheme that addresses confidentiality and availability
Information Security Goals
CIA Triad
Confidentiality
Integrity Availability
Conformity to Law& Privacy Requirements
Information Security Principles
Need-to-know: Persons should have ability to access data sufficient to perform primary job and no more
Least Privilege: Persons should have ability to do tasks sufficient to perform primary job and no more
Segregation of Duties: Ensure that no person can assume two roles: Origination, Authorization, Distribution, Verification
Privacy: Personal/private info is retained only when a true business need exists: Privacy is a liability Retain records for short time
Personnel office should change permissions as jobs change
Wisconsin Statute 134.98
Restricted data includes: Social Security Number Driver’s license # or state ID # Financial account number (credit/debit) and
access code/password DNA profile (Statute 939.74) Biometric dataNational HIPAA protects: Health status, treatment, or payment
President
BusinessExecutive
Chief Privacy OfficerProtect
customer & employee rights
Chief InfoSec. OfficerCreates andmaintains a sec. program
Data OwnerResponsible for
security ofdata
Chief Sec. OfficerPhysical Security
Security ArchitectDesign/ impl.
policies &procedures
Security Admin
Administrates computer &
network security
Process Owner
Responsible forsecurity of
process
IS AuditorIndependentassurance of
sec. objectives& controls
Some positions may be merged
DataCustodianMaintains and protects data:
Backup/restore/monitor/test
Chief Info. OfficerManages
Info. Technology
Information Owneror Data Owner Is responsible for the data within business
(mgr/director - not IS staff) Determines who can have access to data and
may grant permissions directly OR Gives written permission for access directly to
security administrator, to prevent mishandling or alteration
Periodically reviews authorization to restrict authorization creep
Other Positions
Data Custodian IS (security or IT)
employee who safeguards the data
Performs backup/restore Verifies integrity of data Documents activities May be System
Administrator
Security Administrator Allocates access to
employees based on written documentation
Monitors access to terminals and applications Monitors invalid login
attempts
Prepares security reports
Criticality Classification
Critical $$$$: Cannot be performed manually. Tolerance to interruption is very low
Vital $$: Can be performed manually for very short time
Sensitive $: Can be performed manually for a period of time, but may cost more in staff
Nonsensitive ¢: Can be performed manually for an extended period of time with little additional cost and minimal recovery effort
Sensitivity Classification(Example)
Proprietary:Strategic Plan
Confidential:Salary &
Health Info
Private:Product Plans
PublicProduct Users Manual
near Release
Internal
Sensitivity ClassificationWorkbook
SensitivityClassification
Description Information Covered
Proprietary Protects competitive edge. Material is of critical strategic importance to the company. Dissemination could result in serious financial impact.
Confidential Information protected by FERPA, PCI-DSS and breach notification law. Shall be available on a need-to-know basis only. Dissemination could result in financial liability or reputation loss.
Student information & grades,
Payment card information,Employee information
Private Should be accessible to management or for use with specific parties. Could cause internal strife or divulge trade secrets if released.
Professor research, Student homework,
Budgets
Public Disclosure is not welcome, but would not adversely impact the organization
Teaching lectures
Data Classification
How do we mark classified information? How do we determine which data should be
classified to which class? How do we store, transport, handle, archive
classified information? How do we dispose of classified data? What does the law say about handling this
information? Who has authority to determine who gets access,
and what approvals are needed for access?
Handling of Sensitive Data
Confidential Private PublicAccess Need to know Need to know Need to knowPaper Storage
Locked cabinet,
Locked room if unattended
Locked cabinet
Locked room if unattended
Locked cabinet or locked room if unattended
Disk Storage Password-protected,
Encrypted
Password-protected
Encrypted
Password-Protected
Labeling & Handling
Clean desk, low voice,
No SSNs, ID required
Clean desk,
low voice
Clean desk,
low voiceTransmission Encrypted
Limited email or append email security notice
Encrypted
Archive Encrypted EncryptedDisposal Degauss & damage disks
Shred paper
Secure wipe
Shred paper
Reformat disks
Storage & Destruction of Confidential Information
StorageEncrypt sensitive dataAvoid touching media surfaceKeep out of direct sunlightKeep free of dust & liquids – in firm container bestAvoid magnetic, radio, or vibrating fieldsUse anti-static bags for disksAvoid spikes in temperature for disks; bring to room temperature before useWrite protect floppies/magnetic mediaStore tapes vertically
Disposing of MediaMeet record-retention schedulesReformat diskUse “Secure wipe” tool****If highly secure*****Degauss = demagnetize Physical destruction
RepairRemove memory before sending out for repair
Permission types
Read, inquiry, copy Create, write, update, append, delete Execute, check
Access Matrix Model (HRU)
File A File B File C Jack
Jack rwx rx -
Jill rwx r d
Jeff r rx rwx -
CISA Review Manual 2009
Information Asset Inventory Asset Name Course Registration
Value to Organization Records which students are taking which classes
Location IS Main Center
Sensitivity & CriticalityClassifications
Sensitive, Vital
IS System/Server Name
Peoplesoft
Data Owner Registrar: Monica Jones
DesignatedCustodian
IS Operations: John Johnson
Granted Permissions Read: Department Staff, AdvisingRead/Write: Students, Registration
Access is permitted at any time/any terminal
Workbook
Question
The person responsible for deciding who should have access to a data file is:
1. Data custodian
2. Data owner
3. Security administrator
4. Security manager
Question
Least Privilege dictates that:1. Persons should have the ability to do tasks sufficient
to perform their primary job and no more2. Access rights and permissions shall be
commensurate with a person’s position in the corporation: i.e., lower layers have fewer rights
3. Computer users should never have administrator passwords
4. Persons should have access permissions only for their security level: Confidential, Private or Sensitive
Question
A concern with personal or private information is that:1. Data is not kept longer than absolutely necessary2. Data encryption makes the retention of personal
information safe3. Private information on disk should never be taken
off-site 4. Personal data is always labeled and handled as
critical or vital to the organization
Question
The person responsible for restricting and monitoring permissions is the:
1. Data custodian
2. Data owner
3. Security administrator
4. Security manager
Authentication & Access Control
Path AccessLogin/PasswordBiometricsRemote Access
Security: Defense in Depth
Border RouterPerimeter firewallInternal firewallIntrusion Detection SystemPolicies & Procedures & AuditsAuthenticationAccess Controls
Four Layers of Logical Security
DatabaseApp1
App2
System 1 System 2
Two layers of general access to Networks and SystemsTwo layers of granularity of control to Applications and Databases
Password Rules
One-way encrypted using a strong algorithm Never displayed (except ***) Never written down and retained near terminal or in desk Passwords should be changed every 30 days, by notifying
user in advance A history of passwords should prevent user from using same
password in 1 year Passwords should be >= 8 (better 12) characters, including 3
of: alpha, numeric, upper/lower case, and special characters Passwords should not be identifiable with user, e.g., family
member or pet name
Authentication Combinations
Single Factor: Something you knowLogin & Password
Multifactor Authentication: Using two or more authentication methods. Add:Two Factor: Add one of:
Something you have: Card or ID Something you are or do: Biometric
Three Factor: Uses all three: e.g., badge, thumb, pass code
CISA Review Manual 2009
Biometrics with Best Response & Lowest EER
Type (Top Best) Advantages Disadvantages
Palm Social acceptance Physical contact
Hand (3D) Social acceptance, low storage
Not unique, injury affects
Iris No direct contact High cost, high storage
Retina Low FAR High cost, 1-2 cm away: invasive
Fingerprint Low cost, More storage=Lower EER
Physical contact-> grime ->poor quality image
Voice Phone use, social acceptance
High storage, playback, voice change, background noise
Signature Easy to use, low cost Uniqueness, writing onto tablet differs from paper
Face Social acceptance Not unique, overcome with high storage
Biometrics
Biometrics: Who you are or what you do Susceptible to error
False Rejection Rate (FRR): Rate of users rejected in error
False Acceptance Rate (FAR): Rate of users accepted in error
Failure to Enroll Rate (FER): Rate of users who failed to successfully register
Equal Error Rate EER:
FRR = FARFAR increasesFRR increases
Biometric Info Mgmt & Security (BIMS) Policy Identification & authentication procedures Backup authentication Safe transmission/storage of biometric data Security of physical hardware Validation testing
Auditors should ensure documentation & use is professional
Single Sign OnAdvantages One good password
replaces lots of passwords
IDs consistent throughout system(s)
Reduced admin work in setup & forgotten passwords
Quick access to systems
Disadvantages Single point of failure -> total
compromise Complex software
development due to diverse OS
Expensive implementation
Secondary Domains
App1 DB2 App3
Primary Domain (System)
Enter Password
Recommended Password Allocation
User allocatedrandom password
or sent email w. link
First time login:change
password
UserSecurity Admin
Verify user ID(e.g., email)
NotifySecurity
Inform user in controlled
manner
[Forgot Password]
Enter 5 invalidpasswords
Account[locked]
[Invalid passwordAttempts]
System automatically
unlocks
[Auto Timeout]
Account[unlocked]
Account[unlocked]
[Manual]
SubsequentLogins
Admin & Login ID Rules
Restrict number of admin accounts Admin password should only be known by one user Admin accounts should never be locked out, whereas
others are Admin password can be kept in locked cabinet in sealed
envelope, where top manager has key Login IDs should follow a confidential internal naming rule Common accounts: Guest, Administrator, Admin should
be renamed Session time out should require password re-entry
Access Control Techniques
Mandatory Access Control Discretionary Access Control
File User Group Permi…A John Mgmt rwx, r xB June Billing , r C May Factory r x, r xD Al BillingE Don Billing
Role-Based Access Control
Login Role PermissionJohn Mgr A, B,C,D,E,FJune Acct. A,B,CAl Acct. A,B,CMay Factory D,E,FPat Factory D,E,F
JohnA, B, C, D, E, F
JuneA, B, C
MayD, E, F
AlA, B
DonB, C
PatD, F
TomE, F
TimE
Access Control Techniques
Mandatory Access Control: General (system-determined) access control
Discretionary Access Control: Person with permissions controls access
Role-Based Access Control: Access control determined by role in organization
Physical Access Control: Locks, fences, biometrics, badges, keys
Workbook:
Role-Based Access ControlRole Name Information Access
(e.g., Record or Form) andPermissions (e.g., RWX)
Instructor Student Records: Grading Form RW Student Transcript (current students) R Transfer credit form R
Advising Student Records: Student Transcript (current students) R Fee Payment R Transfer credit form R
Registration Student Records: Fee Payment RW Transfer credit form RW
System Access Control
Establish rules for access to information resources Create/maintain user profiles Allocate user IDs requiring authentication (per
person, not group) Notify users of valid use and access before and
upon login Ensure accountability and auditability by logging
user activities Log events Report access control configuration & logs
Application-Level Access Control
Create/change file or database structure Authorize actions at the:
Application levelFile levelTransaction levelField level
Log network & data access activities to monitor access violations
Which Computer Do You Trust?
You plan to make a purchase on-line…
Your office computer?A library or college computer?
Your children’s computer?
Trusted Computing Base (TCB)
Trusted Hardware
Trusted Operating System
TrustedApp 1
TrustedApp 2
Trusted
App 3
Trusted Hardware
Trusted Operating System
TrustedService
1
TrustedService
2
Trusted
Service 3
Trusted network
Trusted app hasHorizontal dependencies: operating system, hardwareVertical dependencies: server applications, network, authentication server, …
Processing requires Dependencies
Vertical Dependencies:Secret App requiresSecret-level databaseSecret-level OSSecret-level hardware
Horizontal Dependencies:Secret App requires:Secret-level serversSecret-level communicationsSecret-level authentication
Trusted Computing Base (TCB)
Trusted Hardware
Trusted OS
TrustedApp 1
TrustedApp 2
TrustedApp 3
Trusted Hardware
TrustedOS
TrustedService
1
TrustedService
2
TrustedService
3
Trusted network
Security Policy
Encapsulated security impl.
Encapsulated security impl.
TCB Subset: Verified security policy, provides reliabilityEncapsulated security implementation provides rapid implementation
Bell and La Padula Model (BLP)
Property of Confinement: Read Down: if Subject’s
class is >= Object’s class Write Up: if Subject’s class
is <= Object’s class
Tranquility Principle: Object’s class cannot change
Declassification: Subject can lower his/her own class
Top Secret
Secret
Confidential
Non-Classified
write
read
& write
read
read
Joe => (Secret)
Military Security Policy
Person has an Authorization Level or Level of Trust (S,D) = (sensitivity, domain) for Subject (potentially Project)
Object has a Security Class Confidentiality Property: Subject can access object if it dominates the object’s classification
level
Class Finance Engineering Personnel
Top Secret Customer list New plans
Secret Dept. Budgets
Code Personnel review
Confidential Expenses Emails Salary
Non-Classified
Balance sheet
Users Manuals
Position Descriptions
(Secret, Eng)(Confid., Finance)
BIG Data
Alice Winter 222 Pine Dr. 262-513-2341 Birth=1989 Diabetic
Options include:Encryption, access control, firewall, security intelligenceObfuscate: Make data unclearDistribute data across multiple locations
No single location has useful data (e.g., RAID)
Blacklist: Not storedOr access via permission
Anonomize: Alter via statistical distribution
Whitelist: Permitted to see
IS Auditor Verifies…
Written Policies & Procedures are professional & implemented
Access follows need-to-know Security awareness & training implemented Data owners & data custodians meet responsibility for
safeguarding data Security Administrator provides physical and logical
security for IS program, data, and equipment Authorization is documented and consistent with reality See CISA Review Manual for specific details
Question
A form of biometrics that is considered invasive by users is:
1. Retina
2. Iris
3. 3D hand
4. Signature
Question
A form of biometrics that is not prone to error is
1. Retina
2. Voice
3. Finger
4. Signature
Question
Julie is a Data Owner. She configures permissions in the database to enable users to access the forms she thinks they should be able to access. This technique is known as
1. Bell and La Padula Model
2. Mandatory Access Control
3. Role-Based Access Control
4. Discretionary Access Control
CISA Review Manual 2009
Question
John has a security clearance of (Engineering, Confidential). Using Bell and La Padula Model, John can write to:
1. Confidential
2. Top Secret, Secret, and Confidential
3. Confidential and Unclassified
4. Unclassified
CISA Review Manual 2009
Audit Trails
Audit Trail
Audit trail tracks responsibility Who did what when? Periodic review will help to find excess-authority access, login
successes & failures, and track fraud Attackers often want to change the audit trail (to hide tracks) Audit trail must be hard to change:
Write-once devices Digital signatures Security & systems admins and managers may have READ-only
access to log Audit trail must be sensitive to privacy
Personal information may be encrypted
Audit Trail Tools
Audit Reduction: Filter important logs - eliminate unimportant logs
Attack/Signature Detection: A sequence of log events may signal an attack (e.g., 1000 login attempts)
Trend/ Variance-Detection: Notices changes from normal user or system behavior (e.g., login during night)
Question
Audit trails:
1. Should be modifiable only by security administrators
2. Should be difficult to change (e.g., write-once)
3. Should only save important logs, using log reduction
4. Should avoid encryption to ensure no loss and quick access
Definitions extracted from:All-In-One CISA Exam Guide
Interactive Crossword Puzzle
To get more practice the vocabulary from this section click on the picture below. For a word bank look at the previous slide.
HEALTH FIRST CASE STUDY
Designing Information Security
Jamie Ramon MDDoctor
Chris Ramon RDDietician
TerryLicensed
Practicing Nurse
PatSoftware Consultant
Define Sensitivity Classification
Sensitivity
Classification
Description Information Covered
Proprietary Protects competitive edge. Material is of critical strategic importance to the company and its dissemination could result in serious financial impact.
Confidential Information protected by law. Shall be made available or visible on a need-to-know basis only. Dissemination could result in financial liability or reputation loss.
Privileged Should be accessible to management or affected parties only. Could cause internal strife or external embarrassment if released: for use with particular parties within the organization.
Public Disclosure is not welcome, but would not adversely impact the organization
OR
Information is public record
Define Sensitivity Classification
Medical appointments
Credit card information
Budget
Personnel records
Patient treatmentContracts & Licenses
Business
Statistics
How should classes be treated?Table 4.1.2: Handling of Sensitive Data
Proprietary Confidential PrivilegedAccess Need to know Need to know Need to knowPaper Storage Locked cabinet,
Locked room if unattended
Locked cabinetLocked room if unattended
Locked cabinet or locked room if unattended
Disk Storage Password-protected,Encrypted
Password-protectedEncrypted
Password-Protected
Labeling and Handling
‘Confidential’Clean desk, low voice,shut door policy
Clean desk,low voice,shut door policy
Clean desk,low voice,shut door policy
Transmission Encrypted Encrypted Archive Encrypted Encrypted Disposal Degauss & damage
disksShred paper
Secure wipe, damage disksShred paper
Reformat disks
Special
Define Roles & Role-Based Access Control
Role Name Information Access (e.g., Record or Form)
and Permissions (e.g., RWX)
Health Plan EligibilityHealth Plan: Eligibility: ActiveMaximum Benefit: Co-Pay: Deductible:ExclusionsIn-Plan Benefits Out-of-Plan Benefits Coordination of Benefits
Specific Procedure RequestProcedure Coverage Max. Coverage Co-pay / Non-coveredDates Patient Resp Amounts
Information Asset Inventory Asset Name Course Registration
Value to Organization
Records which students are taking which classes
Location IS Main Center
Security Risk Classification
Sensitive, Vital
IS Server Peoplesoft
Data Owner (Who decides who should have access?)
Designated Custodian
(Who takes care of backups and sys admin functions?)
Granted Permissions Read: Department Staff, AdvisingRead/Write: Students, Registration
Access is permitted at any time/any terminal
Workbook
ReferenceSlide # Slide Title Source of Information
5 Information Security Principles CISA: page 117 – 119 & CISM: page 187
6 Information Security Mgmt CISM: page 94, 95
10 Criticality Classification CISA: page 127 Exhibit 2.18
16 Storage & Destruction Confidential Information CISA: page 346, 347
27 Access Control Techniques CISA: page 323, 385
31 System Access Control CISA: page 337
32 Application-Level Access Control CISA: page 337
34 Password Rules CISA: page 338, 339
36 Admin & Login ID Rules CISA: page 338, 339
37 Single Sign On CISA: page 341
39 Biometrics CISA: page 339
40 Biometrics with Best Response & Lowest EER CISA: page 339, 340
41 Biometric Info Mgmt & Security (BIMS) Policy CISA: page 341
48 Backup & Offsite Library CISA: page 301, 302
49 Backup Rotation: Grandfather/Father/Son CISA: page 303
50 Incremental & Differential Backups CISA: page 304
53 Audit Trail Tools CISA: page 345
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