injuries in factories by dr shamaila
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Injuries in factories
Public health is what we, as a society, do
collectively to assure the conditions for people
to be healthy." it is the responsibility of the
public health to prevent the injuries
By Dr Shamaila Alam
Roll no 23
INTRODUCTION
Injuries result in major financial and
productivity loss to the nation while inflicting a
tremendous personal burden on the injured
and there families (world bank 1993)
Ways and places Injuries happen in a variety of ways and places.places They happen while people are at home, at school, at
work, and while they are moving about in different forms of transportation.
ways
motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian injury, bicycle crashes, occupational injury, drowning, falls,
sports injury, choking, and fires and burns.
A public health approach to injury prevention.
Taking a public health approach means focus on
prevention. and approaching the many different
kinds of injury causes with many different kinds of
solutions .
While the treatment of injured people is certainly
important, public health professionals believe that
the prevention of injuries should be our primary goal
TWO COMPONENTS OF PRESENTATION
As discussed before the injury depends ON two factors that is ways and places. INJURIES
IN FACTORIES
INJURIES FACTORIES
PLACEWAYS
(TYPES)
INJURIESIN
FACTORIES
INJURIES FACTORIES
PLACEWAYS
(TYPES)
Injury
Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical, and either by accident or intentional
In general, injuries can be grouped into two major categories: those that are unintentional, and those that are intentional.
Types of injuries
Bruise is a hemorrhage under the skin caused by contusion.
Wound: cuts and grazes are injuries to or through the skin, that cause bleeding (i.e., a laceration).
Burns are injuries caused by excess heat, chemical exposure, or sometimes cold (frostbite).
Chemical Burns
Acids & Alkalies, Soaps, Detergents & Cleaning Compounds, and etc. Heat Burns
Flame, Molten Metals, Petroleum Asphalts, Steam and Water
Fractures are injuries to bones.
Joint dislocation is a displacement of a bone from its normal joint, such as a dislocated shoulder or finger.
Concussion is mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow, without any penetration into the skull or brain. Sprain is an injury which occurs
to ligaments caused by a sudden over stretching; a strain injures muscles.
Shock is a serious medical condition where the tissues cannot obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients.
Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery.
Serious bodily injury is any injury or injuries to the body that substantially risks death of the victim.
COMMON WORKPLACE INJURIES ARE
Factory based injuries
Heavy machinery/equipment based injuries
Office based injuries
Retail based injuries
Warehouse based injuries
Factory A plant consisting of one or more building with facilities of manufacturing
Different types of factories Chemicals
factories , Food factory like sugar flour,
Railways like carriage factory ,Cotton
factory , Glass factory
Historical background
Prior to Industrial Revolution1. The Code of Hammerabi Mesopotamian Ruler allowed for a form of
workers compensation. (eye for an eye)2. The Egyptians Continued this type of code. 3. Romans and public health Aqueducts, Sewer Systems, Public Baths,
Latrines, and Ventilated Houses
The Industrial Revolution
Introduction of Machinery
Substitution of Machines for People
New methods of converting Raw Materials
Division of Labor .
Many industrial accidents in the 1900’s. In
1907 alone 3,200 were killed in mining
accidents.
Safety Movement
In America no of milestones were covered under safety movement
OSHAct
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) was passed in 1970
Statistics on injuries in factories
Statistics are available basically of either accidents related injuries or workplace injuries. Very less data is available specifically for the injuries in factories
WHO 250 million cases of injuries per year at work worldwide
International Labor Organization (ILO) In 2000/2001
GLOBAL - WORK-RELATED INJURIES AND DISEASES
270 million accidents 2 million work-related deaths 160 million work related diseases 4% of gross domestic product is lost
OH&S Australian statistics
$30 billion was spent on payments to workers due to workplace injuries200 workplace fatalities occurred14,000 work related injuries were
reported
Pakistan
Health indicators of Pakistan, gateway paper 2 percentage of non fatal injuries by location ______ 4.7% in factories
In labor force survey 2007-2008 by federal bureau of statistics percentage of injuries in factories are following
Machine operator and plant assemblers 5.33% Industrial accident rate---6/1000worker Fatal industrial accident rate 0.15/1000 worker
(1991) federal bureau of statistics The prevalence of injuries in workers enrolled in social
security systems 21per1000personyears
Nigeria A study in Nigeria for
10 years between 1987 and 1996, a total of 3183 injuries were reported, of which 71 (2.2%) were fatal
The study shows that machinery and petroleum causes the maximum fatalities
fatal injuries in factories
02468
101214
type of factory
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REPORTED ACCIDENTS
Accident Statistics 2003
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Type of Industry
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Reported Permanent Disability Death
Epidemiological determinants factory injuries Environmental factors•Being hit by moving objects •falls from a height•Poorly maintained equipment •Unsafe machinery•Exposure to hazardous chemicals•Extreme temperatures•Lack of protective equipment Other conditions that contribute to accidents: FatigueNoiseLack of proper light
Personal factors/determinants
Age child and young workers below the age of 25 years. drugs ,smoking Lack of experience Eagerness to please Lack of training in OH&S Lack of supervision Risk taking behavior Psychosocial factors Emotional tension Stress and boredom
Laws and Regulations on occupational health and safety
The main law governing OHS is the Factories Act 1934 Chapter 3. The
Hazardous Occupation Rules of 1978 regulate certain occupations as
hazardous
Occupational injuries are a neglected area of health policy in Pakistan. Neither
National Health Policy approved by the Federal Cabinet on December 17th
1997, nor National Health Policy – The Way Forward, promulgated by the
Ministry of Health in 2001; even mention the term “Occupational injuries.
National action plan for prevention and control of non –communicable diseases.
Action Agenda has been given, with priority action areas defined
Social security department Only comprehensive health coverage system
for the labor workforce in Pakistan. It provide a range of curative health care
facilities primarily through its network of hospitals and dispensaries and medical benefits to those under its cover
lack of focus on preventive health care which should be hallmarks of occupational health.
Safety Coalition strategy
Ways types)
Curative strategy
Place (factories)
preventive
strategy
INJURIESIN
FACTORIES
INJURIES FACTORIES
PLACEWAYS
(TYPES)
Safety Coalition strategy
Mission statement We recognize that injuries of all types are a
public health issue. and Injury Prevention is a Men’s Health Issue
Vision To create a culture of safety in all the
factories of Pakistan
The strategy will have two parts
Curative strategy and preventive strategy
Strategy
Curative strategy
Preventive strategy
safety legislationRisk
preventionWellness
Of workers
Curative strategyKey strategy
To provide trauma treatment to all the injured workers without
delay.
Key activities First aid boxes mandatory in every building of the
factory Ambulance facility to be provided by the factory For Trauma treatment, hospitals to be on the panel
for every factory. SOP should be made for the process of the referral
to the tertiary care hospital. Treatment of trauma is responsibility of the factory.
Preventive strategy
Key strategy The main strategy aimed to ensure
adequate safety measures and to promote health and welfare of workers employed in factories.
The strategy aimed to provide the best possible human-friendly environment
Preventive strategy. Its activities are
covered under these 4 headings
Wellness of workers Legislation
A safe workplace Risk Management
OH&S
Risk management Identify the hazard
What is a hazard?
Anything or any action that can lead to someone developing an illness or being injured .Hazards can arise from
1 The work environment To ensure that the factory building, machinery installed there in and other appliances (Electrical and Gas supplies etc.) are safe properly secured and guarded
2.Poor work design all passages are open and clear while the work is in progress.
3. When using machinery and substances. personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used . Company personnel are educated and instructed through notice, lecturers and training courses etc. Enabling them to use safety equipment as and when necessary.
4. To ensure that the storage of the materials particularly of the hazardous chemicals are properly and securely done.
A Safe Workplace
Fencing of machines of all sorts is compulsory, No person shall be employed in any factory to lift,
carry or move any load so heavy as to be likely to cause him injury
Emergency exits to be marked. Fire extinguishers/fire house cabinet. Emergency alarms be placed Danger sign boards to be placed Proper light and ventilation Important telephone no to be displayed
Wellness of workers Capacity building( use and safety of machine) Annual leave with wages By health care provider Better nutrition Regular exercise programs Abstinence from smoking and alcohol Workload and stress counselling and stress
management programs. Annual physical exams First aid
Legislation legislation and its enforcement
to ensure safe worker places.
Safety committees to be formed in every factory who will ensure safety
through
Capacity building
Mandatory Training and education on OSH on yearly basis
Health education for workers.
Training of worker before joining the factory
Preparedness
Emergency response
Free trauma treatment for injured worker
At least two percent of income from every industry should be spent to
provide OSH protection.
Warning signs in local language to be displayed in the premises of the factory
Government inspectors for safety to visit six monthly.
Include preventive health in the mandate of organizations dealing with worksite safety
All injuries in the factory to be reported to occupational health and safety council
Minimum wages should be defined. No of hours for the workers to be196hours /month. Free trauma treatment for injured worker
At least two percent of income from every industry
should be spent to provide OSH protection.
Policy Develop a sustainable and comprehensive
system for injury data in factories collection in Pakistan
Develop occupational and health council Research by OHandS Integrate factory injury prevention as a part of
NCD behavioral change communication Multi sectoral collaboration for maintaining
safety and health of the workers
Conclusion
Indicators made for evaluation should be measured so that effectiveness of policy, legislation and strategy can be determined
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