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Does travel distance affectradiotherapy utilisation in NSW & ACT?
Gabriel Gabriel, MBBS, MPH, FAFPHM
Michael Barton, MBBS, MD, FRANZCR
Geoff Delaney, MBBS, MD, PhD, FRANZCR
• Calculate actual Radiotherapy utilisation (RTU) in
NSW & ACT
• Identify factors affecting RTU
• Quantify the effect of geographic variations on RTU
What is new in this study?
This is the first time ever to perform the following together:
1) Collect patient treatment data directly from all NSW & ACT radiotherapy
departments (RTD)
2) Match each RT record to all records in CCRs
3) Use GIS to
• Geocode the street address of patient residence and radiotherapy departments
• Calculate the road distance between patient residence and nearest RTD
• Determine the magnitude of cross-border treatment
• Collect/organise data from all RTDs in NSW/ACT
• Link RT data with CCRs (CHeReL)
• Geocode patient addresses & RTD
• Calculate the road distance between patients’
residence and the nearest RTD
• Analyse the data to identify factors affecting RTU
Flowchart of RT and
CCR data linkage
• 16 NSW and 1 ACT Radiotherapy Departments (RTD)
• 2 Central Cancer Registries (NSW & ACT)
• RT and CCR data were inconsistently recorded among departments/registries
• To geocode means to use a software program to convert street address into coordinates [longitude & latitude]
• GIS is a Geographic Information System that manages and presents data that are linked to one or more locations.
• GIS software is used to calculate the road distance between 2 or more coordinates
No Format Latitude Longitude
1 Decimal degrees (DD) -33.918357000 150.930010900
2Degrees and decimal minutes (DDM)
-33° 55.101420' 150° 55.800654'
3Degrees, minutes and decimal seconds (DMS)
33° 55' 6.0852" S 150° 55' 48.0392" E
Street address: 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
Example of coordinates
A map of NSW and ACT
A map of NSW and ACT showing all patients diagnosed with cancer 2004-06
A map of NSW and ACT showing patients diagnosed with cancer and patients who received RT 2004-06
John Flynn Hospital
Murray Valley RO Centre
No
rth
Ad
elai
de
On
colo
gyA map of NSW and ACT showing patients diagnosed with
cancer and patients who received RT 2004-06
A showing all patients diagnosed with cancer and patients who received RT 2004-06
Road distance between patient residence to the nearest RTD
Road distance between patient residence to the nearest RTD
NameCCR data
(NSW cancer patients who lived nearer to the
State border)
RT received in NSW
RTU for patients who received RT
in NSW/ACT
Tugun (QLD) 7,767 508 6.5%
Wodonga (VIC) 1,778 13 0.7%
Adelaide (SA) 463 2 0.4%
Total 10,008 523 5.2%
NSW Patients residing nearerto QLD, VIC and SA RTD
Comparison between actual radiotherapy utilisation in
NSW & ACT, South Australia and other countries
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Rad
ioth
era
py
uti
lisat
ion
Distance in kilometres
Proportion of patients who received radiotherapy by distance from patient's residence to the nearest radiotherapy facility
NSW & ACT 2004-06
P<0.001
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0
25
50
75
10
0
12
5
15
0
17
5
20
0
22
5
25
0
27
5
30
0
32
5
35
0
% o
f p
atie
nts
giv
en
RT
Distance in kilometres
Radiotherapy utilisation by distance (km) showing trend line, NSW & ACT, 2004-06
Proportion of patients who received radiotherapyby distance and age group
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
<50 50-69 70+
Prp
ort
ion
of
pat
ien
ts w
ho
re
ceiv
ed
RT
Age of patient (years)
<100km
100-199km
200-299km
300+km
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
In-situ Localised Regionalised Distant Unknown
<100km
100-199km
200-299km
300+km
Radiotherapy utilisation by tumour stage and distance to the closest radiotherapy department, NSW & ACT 2004-06
DistanceIRSD-1
(Lowest)IRSD-2 IRSD-3 IRSD-4
IRSD-5
(Highest)Total
<100 km 29% 28% 28% 27% 22% 27%
100-199 km 22% 23% 24% 18% 36%* 23%
200-299 km 23% 20% 21% 22%
300+ km 19% 20% 19%
Total 27% 26% 28% 27% 22% 26%
*: Total number of patients in this cell is small (50 out of 21,535 for IRSD-5)
Proportion of patients who received radiotherapy by distance and index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage (IRSD)
*: Total number of patients in this cell is small (50 out of 21,535 for IRSD-5)
Proportion of patients who received radiotherapy by distance and index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage (IRSD)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
IRSD-1 (Lowest) IRSD-2 IRSD-3 IRSD-4 IRSD-5 (Highest)
<100 km
100-199 km
200-299 km
300+ km
*
<100 km
300+ km100-199 km
200-299 km
Survival analysis by distance to the nearest radiotherapy facility, NSW and ACT, 2004-06
1. Year of diagnosis (p=0.1)
2. Patient age group (p<0.001)
3. Patient age in years (continuous) (p<0.001)
4. Patient Gender (P<0.001): F 30% >RT M
5. Tumour stage (p=0.007)
6. Primary site of cancer
7. Travel distance (distance categories) (p<0.001)
8. Travel distance (continuous) (p<0.001)
9. Accessibility Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) (p<0.001)
10. Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD) (p=0.9)
UNIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION
MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION
Variable name Details P value Odds Ratio95% CI
Lower Upper
Gender Female 1.00
Male 0.000 1.19 1.14 1.25
Age groups < 50 years 0.000 2.88 2.70 3.07
50-59 years 0.000 2.83 2.67 3.01
60-69 years 0.000 2.65 2.51 2.81
70-79 years 0.000 2.25 2.13 2.38
80+ years 1.00
Distance <100 km 0.000 1.89 1.55 2.13
100-199 km 0.000 1.47 1.24 1.74
200-299 km 0.004 1.30 1.09 1.55
300+ km 1.00
Tumour Stage In-situ 0.000 0.42 0.37 0.47
Localised 0.000 0.81 0.78 0.85
Regional 0.000 1.60 1.52 1.69
Distant 0.000 1.50 1.42 1.59
Unknown 1.00
ARIA Highly Accessible 0.902 0.99 0.87 1.13
Accessible 0.586 1.06 0.91 1.17
(Moderately Accessible, Remote and Very Remote)
1.00
1) Radiotherapy utilization in NSW & ACT was low compared to optimal and other countries.
2) The study showed that the following factors predict low utilization:
a) Age
b) Gender
c) Travel distance
37
ACT
Queensland
New South Wales
South
Australia
Victoria
A map of NSW and ACT showing the location of radiotherapy departments 2004-2006
Lismore
Coffs Harbour
Tamworth
Port Macquarie
Orange
Nowra
ACT
Queensland
New South Wales
South
Australia
Victoria
A map of NSW and ACT showing the location of the new 6 radiotherapy departments
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Orange
CoffsHarbour
Lismore
Tamworth
PortMacquarie
New South Wales
ACT
Queensland
SouthAustralia
Victoria
A map of NSW and ACT showing the location of the new 6 radiotherapy departments
Proportion of cancer patients diagnosed (2004-06) by road distanceto the nearest RTD during the study period and with current RTD
<50km <99km <149km <199km <249km <299km <349km <399km 400+km
RTD: 2004-06 79% 84% 88% 91% 95% 97% 99% 99% 100%
RTD: current 83% 91% 95% 97% 99% 99% 99% 99% 100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
rop
ort
ion
of
pat
ien
ts d
iagn
ose
d w
ith
ca
nce
r 2
00
4-0
6 an
d r
esi
de
d n
ear
est
to
a R
TD
It is planned for this study to be repeated to look at the impact
these new departments
might have on radiotherapy utilization.
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Estimated optimal RTU Actual RTU
Comparison between estimated optimal RTU and Actual RTU in NSW & ACT 2004-06
45
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