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Home page: www.ine.gov.mz Melhorar os Indicadores de Emprego para Melhores Políticas e Programas de Emprego em África
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Food insecurity indicators based on the 2002/03 HHBS (IAF) – The
experience of Mozambique
Alger December 2007
Presented by: Domingos Diogo
AFRICAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS(AFCAS), TWENTIETH SESSION
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• 1. Objectifs
• 2.Why?
• 3. The 2002/03 HHBS
• 4. Preparação dados
• 5. Processamento de dados
• 6. The main resultss
• 8. Main findings
• 9. Recomendations
SUMARY
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
– To present to the AFCAs participants the level, magnitude and characteristics of food insecurity based on statistics in Mozambique;
– To discuss and share the experience on using data from HHBS for generating food insecurity indicators and using them for analysis and policy purposes;
1. OBJECTIVES
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
2. Why?
• Need of systematized statistical information on food insecurity.
• Use of HHBSv data in the production of derivates statistics.
• To enhance the policies formulation process as well the interventions and actions in the area of food security.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA 3. The 2002/03 HHBS
• When?: July 2002 to June 2003, Conducted by INE
• Objective: To estimate the HH expenditures, Income and highlight the main socio-economic characteristics at national and sub-national level;
Sample: Stratified in 3 steps and Randomly
o Primary Sampling Units (UPA)o Enumeration Areas (AE)o HouseHolds (AF)
• Size: 8747 AF
Urban Areas: 4020
Rural Areas : 4727
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA 3. The 2002/03 HHBS
• Questionnaires: 4 questionnaires used in the 2002/03 HHBS:
– 1. Community questionaire (in the rural areas)– 2. Questionnaire on general characteristics of the HH.– Questionnaire on expenditures and income (monthly and
annual)– 4. Questionnaire on diary HH expenses
Operational approach
• Data collection refered 7 days of a week was done on 3 visits.
• Food Consumsion: 350 diferent types of food detected, obtained trough purchases, donations, own production or out-side HH food consumtion
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
4. PREPARAÇÃO DOS DADOS
• Using 2002/03 HHBS data base and other aditional
information, the folowing files files were criated
- FOOD.SAV : Contained Data on food consumsion
– HH.SAV; HM.SAV : Contained Data on HH Characteristics
– COUNTRY_NCT.SAV
– INDEXES.SAV
– AGE_HEIGHTS.XLS
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
5. ABOUT THE DATA
• Main problems:• Data on expenditure were used as proxy of consumsion;
• Data on income limited and not very reliable;
• Dificulty to quantify the amount of food consumed away;
• Data collected on the different unities of mesure
• Limited specification of the list of food products.
• The national table of energetic composition of food very limited and not complete.
Data on food consumsion processed using the FAO Food Security Statistics Module Software - FSSM
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICASome concepts and definitions
• CRITICAL FOOD POVERTY• The prevalence of critical food
poverty (pCFP) refers to the proportion of persons living on less than the cost of the macro-nutrient balanced MDER (for MDER see below and for balanced diet see above) with food prices from households in the lowest income quintile. It can be estimated at national and sub-national levels.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICASome concepts and definitions
• DEPTH OF FOOD DEPRIVATION• It refers to the difference between
the average dietary energy consumption of an undernourished population and its average minimum energy requirement (MDER).
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICASome concepts and definitions
• DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Food consumption expressed in energy terms. At national level, it can be calculated from the FBS (see below); this estimate refers to both private and public food consumption.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICASome concepts and definitions
• The minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) refers to the amount of energy considered adequate to meet the energy needs for normative minimum acceptable weight for attained height while performing light physical activity in good health.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICASome concepts and definitions
The Magnitude of food shortage/deficit depends:
• On the quantity of energy in the comsumed food;
• On the inequalities in the access to food due the HH income;
• On the Minimum Dietery Energy Requirement (MDER)
• On the intensity of food Deprivetion
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA Results
Statistics on food consumtion and food insecurity at national, provincial and by sub-populations groups were produced, according to:
Level of Income Geografic Location HouseHold Size Characteristics of the HH Head
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTY
Proportion of food deprivation in total population
29
97
68
35
92
52
2314 11
37
57
2835
21
3339
27
56
42
29 27
48
31 31 30 30 33
47
26 26 30
55 55
42
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Nat
ionw
ide
Qui
ntile
1
Qui
ntile
2Q
uint
ile 3
Qui
ntile
4
Qui
ntile
5 U
rban
Rur
al
1 to
2 m
embe
rs
3 to
4 m
embe
rs
5 to
6 m
embe
rs
7 o
r mor
e m
embe
rs
Mal
e
Fem
ale
15
to 3
0 ye
ars
old
31
to 5
9 ye
ars
old
60
or m
ore
year
s ol
d
Agr
icul
ture
In
dust
ry
Ser
vice
s P
ublic
Ser
vice
s
Nev
er g
one
to s
choo
l
Up
to h
igh
scho
ol
Oth
ers
Nia
ssa
Cab
o D
elga
do
Nam
pula
Zam
bezi
a
Tet
e M
anic
a
Sof
ala
Inha
mba
ne
Gaz
a
Map
uto
prov
inci
a
Cid
ade
de M
aput
o
Perc
ent
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Deph and Intensity of Hunger in Urban and Rural Area of Mozambique
1617 1661 15961356 1358 1340
1150 1110 1220
19901690
2130
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Nationw ide Urban Rural
Kca
l/per
son/
day
MDER ADEC food deprived ADEC of 1st income quintil ADEC
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
FAO Indicators on hunger
29
52
23
14 11
37
57
2835
21
3339
27
56
42
29 27
48
31 31 30 30 33
47
26 2630
55 55
42
8 5 5 5 4 7 10 7 83
10 8 8 72 1 4 4 7
0
25
12
2
40
18
5
2633
2517
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Nat
ionw
ide
Urb
an
Rur
al
1 to
2
mem
bers
3
to 4
mem
bers
5
to 6
mem
bers
7
or m
ore
mem
bers
M
ale
Fem
ale
15
to 3
0
year
s ol
d 3
1 to
59
year
s ol
d 6
0 or
mor
e
year
s ol
d A
gric
ultu
re
Indu
stry
Ser
vice
s P
ublic
Serv
ices
N
ever
gone
to U
p to
hig
h
scho
ol
Oth
ers
Nia
ssa
Cab
o
Del
gado
N
ampu
la
Zam
bezi
a
Tet
e
Man
ica
Sof
ala
Inha
mba
ne
Gaz
a M
aput
o
prov
inci
a C
idad
e de
Map
uto
Prev alence of food depriv ation (%) Prev alence of Critical Food Pov erty (%)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Dietary energy consumption
11501500
1780
21602480
1690
2130
3490
2540
17801570
20301810
216019601870
2030
16701840
20902350
192018702000201019702200
1790
219020002000
1660172019301990
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Nat
ionw
ide
Qui
ntile
1
Qui
ntile
2Q
uint
ile 3
Qui
ntile
4Q
uint
ile 5
Urb
an
Rur
al
1 to
2 m
embe
rs
3 to
4 m
embe
rs
5 to
6 m
embe
rs
7 o
r mor
e m
embe
rs
Mal
e F
emal
e 1
5 to
30
year
s ol
d
31
to 5
9 ye
ars
old
60
or m
ore
year
s ol
d A
gric
ultu
re
Indu
stry
S
ervi
ces
Pub
lic S
ervi
ces
Nev
er g
one
to s
choo
l U
p to
hig
h sc
hool
O
ther
s
Nia
ssa
Cab
o D
elga
do
Nam
pula
Z
ambe
zia
Tet
e M
anic
a S
ofal
a In
ham
bane
G
aza
Map
uto
prov
inci
a C
idad
e de
Map
uto
(kca
l/per
son/
day)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Monetary value of food consumption
5,3
2,93,6
4,65,2
7,5
6,3
4,9
7,8
6,2
4,9 4,75,4
5,05,6 5,4 5,0 4,8
5,6
6,7
7,6
6,0
7,7
4,9
7,0
5,6
4,24,8
5,96,6 6,4
3,2
5,1
6,6
7,6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nat
ionw
ide
Qui
ntile
1Q
uint
ile 2
Qui
ntile
3Q
uint
ile 4
Qui
ntile
5 U
rban
R
ural
1
to 2
mem
bers
3 to
4 m
embe
rs
5 to
6 m
embe
rs
7 o
r mor
e m
embe
rs
Mal
e F
emal
e 1
5 to
30
year
s ol
d 3
1 to
59
year
s ol
d 6
0 or
mor
e ye
ars
old
Agr
icul
ture
In
dust
ry
Ser
vice
s P
ublic
Ser
vice
s N
ever
gon
e to
sch
ool
Up
to h
igh
scho
ol
Oth
ers
Nia
ssa
Cab
o D
elga
do
Nam
pula
Z
ambe
zia
Tet
e M
anic
a S
ofal
a In
ham
bane
G
aza
Map
uto
prov
inci
a C
idad
e de
Map
uto
(Mts
$/pe
rson
/day
)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Dietary energy unit monetary value of food
2,7 2,62,4
2,6 2,4
3,0
3,7
2,3 2,22,4
2,83,0
2,7 2,82,6
2,7 2,72,4
3,33,6 3,6
2,5
4,0
2,6
3,5
2,8
2,1 2,2
3,33,0
3,2
1,6
3,1
3,8 3,9
0112233445
Nat
ionw
ide
Qui
ntile
1Q
uint
ile 2
Qui
ntile
3
Qui
ntile
4Q
uint
ile 5
Urb
an
Rur
al
1 to
2 m
embe
rs
3 to
4 m
embe
rs
5 to
6 m
embe
rs
7 o
r mor
e m
embe
rs
Mal
e
Fem
ale
15
to 3
0 ye
ars
old
31
to 5
9 ye
ars
old
60
or m
ore
year
s ol
d A
gric
ultu
re
Indu
stry
Ser
vice
s P
ublic
Ser
vice
s N
ever
gon
e to
sch
ool
Up
to h
igh
scho
ol
Oth
ers
Nia
ssa
Cab
o D
elga
do
Nam
pula
Z
ambe
zia
Tet
e M
anic
a S
ofal
a
Inha
mba
ne
Gaz
a M
aput
o pr
ovin
cia
Cid
ade
de M
aput
o
(Mts
/100
0kca
ls)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Share of food monetary value to total consumption (%) by Income decile
y = -23,67Ln(x ) + 112,5
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25
Income decile (MTs$/person/day)
Perc
ent Decile
Log. (Decile)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
4. RESULTADOS
Share of Food Dietary Energy Consumption
31,7
67,3
0,5
0,6 Share of food dietary energyconsumption from purchased to totalfood consumption (%)Share of food dietary energyconsumption from own production tototal food consumption (%)Share of food dietary energyconsumption from eaten away fromhome to total food consumption (%)Share of food dietary energyconsumption from other sources tototal food consumption (%)
7. RESULTADOS
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Share of dietary energy from own production to total food consumption
67,360,6
64,8 65,373,3
66,0
26,4
82,775,0 73,3
67,158,6
68,462,4
68,8 65,672,3
78,7
38,332,7 32,8
66,7
32,9
70,9
86,6
76,3 76,584,3 82,3
70,8
61,3 59,551,9
11,5
0,40
1020
3040506070
8090
100
Nat
ionw
ide
Qui
ntile
1Q
uint
ile 2
Qui
ntile
3Q
uint
ile 4
Qui
ntile
5 U
rban
R
ural
1 to
2 m
embe
rs
3 to
4 m
embe
rs
5 to
6 m
embe
rs
7 o
r mor
e m
embe
rs
Mal
e F
emal
e
15
to 3
0 ye
ars
old
31
to 5
9 ye
ars
old
60
or m
ore
year
s ol
d A
gric
ultu
re
Indu
stry
Ser
vice
s P
ublic
Ser
vice
s
Nev
er g
one
to s
choo
l U
p to
hig
h sc
hool
Oth
ers
Nia
ssa
Cab
o D
elga
do
Nam
pula
Zam
bezi
a T
ete
Man
ica
Sof
ala
Inha
mba
ne
Gaz
a M
aput
o pr
ovin
cia
Cid
ade
de M
aput
o
Perc
ent
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7. RESULTADOS
Share of total calories of nutrients in total calories
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Proteins Fats Carbohydrates
Perc
ent
WHO/FAO (minimum) IAF 2002/03 WHO/FAO (maximum)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
7. RESULTADOS
Share of each group of food in total energy consumption (%)
4917
25
012
62
00
12
02
02
000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CEREALS AND PRODUCTSROOTS AND TUBERS AND PRODUCTS
SUGARS AND SYRUPS AND PRODUCTSPULSES
TREE NUTSOIL CROPS
VEGETABLES AND PRODUCTSFRUITS AND PRODUCTS
STIMULANTSSPICES
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGESMEATEGGS
FISH AND FISH PRODUCTSMILK AND CHEESE
OILS AND FATS (vegetable oils)OILS AND FATS (animal fats)
NON ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGESMISCELLANEOUS AND PREPARED FOOD
%
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7. RESULTADOS
GINI of Income - FULL (%)
3137
24
3728 29 31 31 29
2534
2822
39 38 3528
46
26
14
42
30 2833
2834
40 38 38
51
0102030405060
Perc
ent
GINI of Income - FULL (%)
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA5. Main Findings
• Food Deprivation: 29% of the Total of Population
– In the Urban Areas: 52%
– In the Rural Areas: 23%
• Critical food Deprivation: 8%
• MDER: 1617 kcal/person/day
– In the Urban Áreas : 1661 kcal/person/day
– In the Rural Areas: 1596 kcal/Person/day
• ADEC: 1900 kcal/Person /dia
• DEUV: 2,7 Mts/1000 Kcal• Intensity of food Deprivition: 261 kcal/person/day
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICAConclusions:
• - 1.Total expenditures were used as proxy of income as no reliable data for this variable were available.
• 2. As the objective of the survey was for different purposes the data for food consumption were not reliable and very limited, leading to use the purchasing information as proxy of the consumption which could affect overall results.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICAConclusions:
• 3- Weakness on the food quantities reported, particularly those from own production, were found to be out of range which probably referred to production instead of consumption.
• 4- In spite of having a detailed and very precise list of food items, the IAF 2002/03 contains a few broad groups of food items for which it was difficult to find corresponding nutrient values, since Mozambique does not possesses the composition for all food items.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICARecommendations:
• National Institute of Statistics should continue articulate and coordinate with others organisations involved in food security and agricultural data collection and key users of food security statistics, in all steps of survey implementation.
• The country should complete and update the food composition table as well the height and weight table for population above five years.
• More reliable estimates could be obtained with the review of the IAF questionnaires as to collect the household food outlay in terms of food stocks (from own consumption and purchases) food consumption and expenditure and food given away.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICARecommendations:
• The African countries should develop agricultural and food security statistic based on the national surveys in other to better monitor the MDG and FAO in partnership with other agencies should continue to support the countries in this excise.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Conclusion
• Further analysis on food supply and food requirement/consumption at national and sub-national level can highlight the deficit/surplus and policy interventions in order to improve food security status and living conditions of people in the country.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Muito Obrigado!Thank You!
Merci!Asante Sana!
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