integrated approaches to nutrient reduction: protecting soil and water resources through watershed...
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Integrated Approaches to Nutrient Reduction
Protecting Soil and Water Resources through Watershed Management
Why are watersheds degrading?
Unsustainable use of natural resources
Erosion, soil fertility decline
Forest cover loss Overgrazing Population
pressure/poverty
Characteristics of upland watersheds
Steep slopes Isolated areas Rural poor predominate Soil fertility management
challenging Higher agro-ecological
diversity then lowlands Less amendable to large
scale investments Proximity to forests Complex land tenure
systems
Review of experience with watershed management projects
53 watershed management projects and projects with watershed management components financed by World Bank (1990 to 2004) What types of activities were supported? How were they implemented? What worked and what didn’t ? Are we learning from experience? Are there opportunities for better nutrient
management?
Lending by the World Bank for watershed management
WSM Project Lending / Region for 15 Yrs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
AFR EAP ECA MNA LAC SAR
US
$ m
illi
on
00-04
95-99
90-94
Objectives and strategies
0 5 10 15 20 25
Biodiversity
Policy, legal framework
Infrastructure
Research
Planning
Participation
Land degradation
Poverty reduction, Income
Agricultural Production
Capacity, Institution
SNRM, SLM
Two generations of watershed management activities
Experience with the first generation
Technocratic and top-down Expensive erosion control Communities hardly
involved Subsidies an important
incentive for participation
Centralized project management
Lack of collaboration across sectors
Limited attention to land tenure
Lessons from the first generation
Clear need to use participatory approaches
Build on existing social structures and institutions
Develop farmer oriented, integrated approaches to farming system
Lessons from the first generation
Apply problem and demand driven approach
Provide larger set of techniques at low cost
Create win-win situations: combine environmental protection with agricultural production
Influences onsecond generation design Getting the scale right Integrating NRM,
environmental protection and agricultural production
Focusing on institutional capacity
Research Monitoring and
evaluation
Getting the scale right is important
Microwatersheds (<1000ha) are a good size for: integration of multiple objectives (NRM,
environmental protection and agricultural development)
building community capacity and local institution strengthening
participatory approaches locally adapted planning site specific solutions
… but scale does not solve the problem when:
existing social organizations are not well understood;
equity concerns are not addressed;
there is great heterogeneity in land capacity tenure regimes stakeholder interest
Integrating NRM, environmental protection and agricultural production
NRM and agriculture:what worked?
soil protection → improved land management → higher production → income increase
Intensification and diversification of rainfed agriculture
Low cost techniques High technical and
knowledge standards Offer a range of
technology options
NRM and agriculture:what hasn’t worked?
Weak impact when: farmers’ needs and
problems weren’t well understood;
Soil and water conservation was too labor intensive and expensive for farmers;
There were no short term benefits;
Marketing opportunities for products were lacking.
Participation counts
What worked: Community organization
around common interest (road, water, erosion control)
Special attention paid to poor, women, vulnerable groups
Allow for a slow start at beginning of project, flexible project design
But, participation is hard work
Often there is only a limited understanding of stakeholder interests and social organization
Participatory approaches require training and retraining
Many different forms of Participation
Research
Research
What worked? demand driven, adaptive, farmer based research quick results: to be integrated in project activities regional computerized monitoring facilities
What didn’t work or was counterproductive? Demonstration plots, on-station research Studies with little practical relevance and poor
technical quality Delay in regional and national environmental
monitoring support implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
Most M&E was ex-post, not based on rigorous data
Monitoring and evaluation
Need for better measurement at the household level of impact of
interventions on income and consumption at the catchment level of impacts on
sedimentation, water flow and water quality
Moving to the third generation
Nutrient pollution control and management Income generation as a critical element Scaling up microwatersheds to macro-
catchments Exploiting upstream-downstream connections
Challenges for nutrient pollution control through watershed management Mediating interests between upstream
and downstream households Strong focus on service delivery: to
poor communities in upland catchments
Making the linkages between upstream and downstream interests
Upstream interests: jobs, income generation, access to resources (forests, pastures, irrigation) [High poverty rates]
Downstream interests: livestock improvement, manure management, crop productivity [Lower poverty rates]
Adding to the menu of options Capitalizing on local interests
in animal health and hygiene Introducing integrating
manure management systems which return compost to crops/pastures
Reducing and controlling water pollution
Reducing nitrate levels in groundwater
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