integration of metabolism. insulin regulation glucagon regulation metabolic regulation in the fed...

Integration of MetabolismIntegration of Metabolism

Insulin regulationInsulin regulation

Glucagon regulationGlucagon regulation

Metabolic Regulation in the Fed StateMetabolic Regulation in the Fed State

Insulin stimulation:Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin)

Insulin repression:Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress, i.e., fever or infection)

Biological Effects of Insulin and GlucagonBiological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon

Glucose uptakeGlucose uptake

Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis

Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

Fat synthesisFat synthesis

GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis

Glycogen mobilizationGlycogen mobilization

Lipid mobilizationLipid mobilization

Protein degradationProtein degradation

Altered gene expressionAltered gene expression

Glucose uptakeGlucose uptake

Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis

Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

Fat synthesisFat synthesis

GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis

Glycogen mobilizationGlycogen mobilization

KetogenesisKetogenesis

Protein degradationProtein degradation

Uptake of amino acidsUptake of amino acids

INSULININSULIN GLUCAGONGLUCAGON

GLUT4 (insulin-responsive glucose transporter) upregulation at the plasma membrane

Effect of Insulin on Glucose TransportEffect of Insulin on Glucose Transport

Only ca. 30% of body protein is available for energy production

Energy Reserves During FastingEnergy Reserves During Fasting

Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Source During FastingSource During Fasting

Short-term fast: Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies

Long-term fast: Amino acids are source of ketone bodies

Favored during fatty acid catabolism Favored during fatty acid catabolism due to high NADH/NADdue to high NADH/NAD++ ratio ratio

slow