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International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Youth behaviours: alcohol, tobacco, Youth behaviours: alcohol, tobacco, other drugs and gamblingother drugs and gambling
Carl Robertson, MACarl Robertson, MASmart Choices Program Smart Choices Program
ManagerManagerCouncil on Compulsive Council on Compulsive
Gambling of PA, IncGambling of PA, Inc
SponsorSponsorCommonwealth Prevention Commonwealth Prevention
AllianceAlliance
July, 2012July, 2012
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
““The subject of gambling is all encompassing. The subject of gambling is all encompassing. It combines man's natural play instinct with his It combines man's natural play instinct with his desire to know about his fate and his future.desire to know about his fate and his future.” ”
~Franz Rosenthal~Franz Rosenthal
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
If you bet on a horse, that’s gambling.
If you bet you can make three spades, that’s entertainment.
If you bet cotton will go up three points, that’s business.
What’s the difference?
Gambling is any activity or game where you risk Gambling is any activity or game where you risk something of value or money on an outcome that is something of value or money on an outcome that is not guaranteed.not guaranteed.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
History of US GamblingHistory of US Gambling
Evidence suggests that gambling is as old as the human Evidence suggests that gambling is as old as the human race and has been a part of many great cultures in race and has been a part of many great cultures in human history.human history.
Evidence suggests that the expansion of gambling has Evidence suggests that the expansion of gambling has been at times both evolutionary and revolutionarybeen at times both evolutionary and revolutionary..
First WaveFirst Wave
Begins during the colonial period and extends to the mid-nineteenth Begins during the colonial period and extends to the mid-nineteenth century. All of the colonies used lottery to help fund themselves e.g. century. All of the colonies used lottery to help fund themselves e.g. higher education. First lottery was in Long Island.higher education. First lottery was in Long Island.
Second WaveSecond Wave
Begins after the conclusion of the Civil War and continued to the early Begins after the conclusion of the Civil War and continued to the early years of the twentieth century. Gambling moves west – New years of the twentieth century. Gambling moves west – New Orleans was supplanted by San Francisco as the hub of gambling.Orleans was supplanted by San Francisco as the hub of gambling.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
History of US GamblingHistory of US Gambling
Third WaveThird Wave
Begins during the Great Depression. By the close of the 1930s, 21 Begins during the Great Depression. By the close of the 1930s, 21 states had legalized race-tracks, low stakes charity bingo. During states had legalized race-tracks, low stakes charity bingo. During the 1940-1950s nearly every state legalized pari-mutuel. In 1931, the 1940-1950s nearly every state legalized pari-mutuel. In 1931, Nevada was the first state to legalize casinos. In 1964, New Jersey Nevada was the first state to legalize casinos. In 1964, New Jersey was the first state with a legal ‘state sponsored’ lottery. was the first state with a legal ‘state sponsored’ lottery.
By the late 1990s, 25 states legalized casino gambling. By the late 1990s, 25 states legalized casino gambling. Fourth WaveFourth Wave
Begins in the late 1990s and is defined by the increase growth of Begins in the late 1990s and is defined by the increase growth of commercial casinos, rapid expansion of tribally controlled gambling commercial casinos, rapid expansion of tribally controlled gambling and the explosion of gambling on the Internet. Presently some form and the explosion of gambling on the Internet. Presently some form of legalized gambling is available in 48 states plus the District of of legalized gambling is available in 48 states plus the District of Columbia. The two states without legalized gambling are Hawaii Columbia. The two states without legalized gambling are Hawaii and Utah.and Utah.
(I. Nelson Rose, as cited in Dunstan, 1997)(I. Nelson Rose, as cited in Dunstan, 1997)
What Is Responsible Gambling?Responsible Gambling Is:
• Gambling that is meant to be fun and entertaining.• Sticking to limits with time and money.
– Not spending more than you can afford to lose.– Gambling that DOES NOT cause problems at home, on the
job, legally or financially.
Council on Compulsive Gambling of PennsylvaniaCouncil on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
What do we know about Youth Problem What do we know about Youth Problem Gambling?Gambling?
Actually, quite a lot, there is data from Actually, quite a lot, there is data from sources such as:sources such as:
McGill University – 1998/PresentMcGill University – 1998/Present
National Research Council – 1999National Research Council – 1999
PAYSPAYS, PA - 2009, PA - 2009
Prevalence FindingsPrevalence Findings US & Canadian findings…Youth
• 4-8% Level III, Probable pathological gamblers (NRC, 1999)
• 10-15% at-risk for problem gambling (Shaffer & Hall, 1996; Winters, Stinchfield, & Fulkerson, 1991; Wiebe, 1999; Wynne, Smith, & Jacobs, 1996)
• 1.1 million youth 12-17 exhibit pathological gambling behavior (National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC), 1999)
• 5 million youth have serious gambling related problems (Jacobs, 2004)
• A problem not limited to the US & Canada but England (Fisher, Griffiths), Australia (Delfabbro; Moore & Oshutuka), New Zealand (NZPGRC) & Spain (Becona)
National Research Council (1999) conclusions
• 73% median value – youth gambled fairly recently
• 7.7-34.9% of youth problem gambling (broadly defined) 15.5% median value
• 1.2-11.2% more narrow definition of problem gambling 5.0% median value
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Adolescent gamblingAdolescent gamblingGambling is more popular amongst males than females
Adolescent pathological gamblers are greater risk-takers
Adolescent prevalence rates of problem gambling are approximately 2-4 times that of adults
Family dynamicsFamily dynamics
40-68% of youth gamble with family members40-68% of youth gamble with family members
80-90% of parents report knowing their children gamble 80-90% of parents report knowing their children gamble for money and do not objectfor money and do not object
77% of adolescents reported their parents purchased 77% of adolescents reported their parents purchased lottery tickets for themlottery tickets for them
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Adolescent gamblingAdolescent gambling
Adolescents with gambling problems have poor general coping skills
Few adolescents fear getting caught gambling
Adolescent problem gamblers report beginning gambling at earlier ages, approximately 10 years of age
Rapid movement from social gambler to problem gambler
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Adolescent gamblingAdolescent gamblingWhile adolescents with gambling problems report having a
support group, old friends are often replaced by gambling associates
Adolescent problem gamblers remain at increased risk for the development of an addiction or multiple addictions
Adolescent problem gamblers score higher on excitability, extroversion, impulsivity and anxiety & lower on conformity and self-discipline measures
Adolescent problem and pathological gamblers have been shown to score lower on a measure of resiliency in light of risk factors
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Adolescent gamblingAdolescent gambling
Adolescent problem gamblers have lower self- esteem compared with other adolescents
Adolescent problem gamblers have higher rates of depression
Adolescent problem gamblers dissociate more frequently when gambling Adolescents with gambling problems, ages 14-17, are at heightened risk for suicide ideation and suicide attempts
Problem and pathological gambling has been shown to result in increased delinquency and crime, disruption of familial relationships and decreased academic performance
Youth involvement in addictive behaviors
Current research and trends in youth use of ATOD & Gambling
• McGill
Regular* involvement in addictive behaviors
Gr.7 Gr.8 Gr.9 Gr.10 Gr.11
Smoke 4.0% 10.6% 15.4% 22.1% 23.8%
Alcohol 2.6% 11.0% 14.9% 22.3% 30.1%
Uppers 0.7% 0.5% 1.0% 0.4% 1.5%
Downers 2.0% 3.0% 11.1% 10.5% 10.2%
Hallucinogenic 0.7% 0.5% 1.9% 0.4% 2.9%
Wood, Gupta & Derevensky, 2004
Gambling 56.2% 49.2% 58.9% 59.0% 68.8%* Once a week or more.
Current research and trends in youth use of ATOD & Gambling
• PAYS 2009
• Statewide
PAYS • The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) was
adopted as the basis for the PAYS
• The survey results provide an important benchmark for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use and delinquent behavior among young Pennsylvanians, and help indicate whether prevention and treatment programs are achieving their intended results.
• Alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use is measured in the PAYS by a set of 36 questions. The questions are similar to those used in the Monitoring the Future study, a nationwide study of drug use by middle and high school students.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
PAYSPAYS Gambling Gambling
The 2009 PAYS asks students a series of six questions The 2009 PAYS asks students a series of six questions about their experiences with gambling. These include about their experiences with gambling. These include past-12-month prevalence measures for: gambling for past-12-month prevalence measures for: gambling for “money or anything of value,” betting “money or anything “money or anything of value,” betting “money or anything of value on sporting events,” buying “lottery tickets,” of value on sporting events,” buying “lottery tickets,” betting “money using the internet,” and betting “money or betting “money using the internet,” and betting “money or anything of value on table games like poker or other card anything of value on table games like poker or other card games, dice, backgammon, or dominoes.” games, dice, backgammon, or dominoes.”
A question about gambling for “money or anything of A question about gambling for “money or anything of value” in the past 30 days is also asked.value” in the past 30 days is also asked.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
What does the average teen get out of it?What does the average teen get out of it?
McGill conducted a qualitative study, speaking with 198 teens aged McGill conducted a qualitative study, speaking with 198 teens aged 12 to 18 in a total of 34 focus groups.12 to 18 in a total of 34 focus groups.
We wanted to know what motivating factors contributed to the We wanted to know what motivating factors contributed to the initiation and maintenance of their gambling activities.initiation and maintenance of their gambling activities.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Why do they gamble? What are the Why do they gamble? What are the perceived benefits?perceived benefits?
MoneyMoney: the possibility of earning extra money is very appealing: the possibility of earning extra money is very appealing
ExcitementExcitement:: a major motivating factor a major motivating factor
EnjoymentEnjoyment: this was described as an “entertainment value” and : this was described as an “entertainment value” and was more often reported by the girlswas more often reported by the girls
SocialSocial:: Again, most often reported by girls. Gambling is viewed as a Again, most often reported by girls. Gambling is viewed as a way to promote relationships with friends and familyway to promote relationships with friends and family
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Why do they gamble? What are the Why do they gamble? What are the perceived benefits?perceived benefits?
IndependenceIndependence: Boys often reported gambling to assert their sense : Boys often reported gambling to assert their sense of importance and to feel older, since gambling is viewed as an of importance and to feel older, since gambling is viewed as an “adult activity“adult activity
CompetitionCompetition:: Gambling presents as a challenge to compete with Gambling presents as a challenge to compete with and win against others. This was more true for the younger teens.and win against others. This was more true for the younger teens.
EscapeEscape:: This was not a common motivator listed by participants. This was not a common motivator listed by participants. The few who referred to it also reported recent problems with The few who referred to it also reported recent problems with gambling experiences.gambling experiences.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Reasons why children & adolescents Reasons why children & adolescents gamble (N=1040)gamble (N=1040)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
grade 4 grade 6 grade 7 grade 8 grade 9 grade 11
enjoyment
excitement
money
social pressure
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Preferred activities…….Preferred activities…….
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Percentage of children and adolescents engaging in various gambling activities (N=1294)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
cards sportspools
sportslottery
lottery videopoker
bingo slots games ofskill
grade 4
grade 6
grade 7
grade 8
grade 9
grade 11
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Important Issues
• General lack of awareness among parents, teachers, and school officials regarding youth gambling problems
• Proliferation of gambling venues, ease of accessibility and types of games particularly attractive to youth
• Growth of Internet wagering and other forms of electronic gambling
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Important Issues
• Gambling as a primary form of entertainment. Even being televised.
• Gambling promoted as a sport. Players gaining celebrity status.
• Gambling online (increases accessibility). Training on practice sites.
• Gambling as a career option.
• Gambling being normalized, and no longer being viewed as risky.
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Best options protecting our youth
• Prevention is key, as knowledge is power
• The school system is an ideal venue for administration of prevention programs. In the process, teachers are sensitized as well.
• Prevention of gambling problems also translates into prevention of other high-risk behaviors.
• Prevention is a proactive and necessary approach
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
•
Youth Gambling and Problem GamblingYouth Gambling and Problem Gambling
No gambling Social gambling Problem
GamblingPathological
None
MildMildModerate
Severe
Gambling Problems
Brief Intensive
Treatment
Secondary Prevention
Primary Prevention
Smart Choices:
Youth Problem Gambling Prevention Program
When Does Gambling Become a Problem?Young people develop gambling problems just as adults do.
Gambling is a problem when you:
- Often find yourself thinking about gambling
- Miss school or work in order to gamble
- Spend more and more money on gambling activities
- Become restless or irritable when trying to cut down or stop gambling
- Gamble to escape or forget your problems
- Gamble more to win back what you have already lost in gambling
- Spend your lunch or carfare money on gambling
- Take money from someone you live with, without their knowing, in order to gamble
- Steal money from outside the family or shoplifted in order to gamble
- Experience problems, arguments, fights etc. with your family or close friends because of your gambling.
Sponsored by the Council on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania
with support from the Bureau of Drug and Alcohol Programs, the Pennsylvania Lottery and the Gaming
Control Board
A Program to help identify gambling problems and
Stop them before they Start
SMART CHOICESSMART CHOICES
To learn more go to: WWW.PACOUNCIL.COM
Problem Gambling Helpline: 800-848-1884
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
RESOURCES
Council on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania Council on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania
• Be aware of local resources:
1-800 GAMBLER
Free, confidential referral service, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week in English and Spanish.
Council on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania, Inc. www.pacouncil.com / 1-215-389-4008
Carl Robertson: cersilk@comcast.net
McGill University: International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems & High-Risk Behaviors: www.youthgambling.com
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors
Council on Compulsive Gambling of PennsylvaniaCouncil on Compulsive Gambling of Pennsylvania
Presented ByPresented By
Carl RobertsonCarl RobertsonCouncil on Compulsive Gambling of Council on Compulsive Gambling of
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
www.smartchoices.cer@gmail.com
Thank You!
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