internationalized domain name evolution
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Internationalized Domain Name Evolution
Kenny HuangTWNIC
2001.10.17
DemandsWhere and How
Human factors
• People would like to name themselves and their objects in their own language
• ISO 10646+UNICODE is a necessary answer, but not sufficient
• DNS has some shortcomings as well
Deployment Issues
• Objectives of Internationalizing Protocols
• Deploying parallel name spaces• Deploying parallel communication
spaces
Objectives of Internationalizing Protocols
• Many protocols internationalized:– SMTP, HTML, etc
• Domain Name Service foundational– and therefore has earthquake effects if
changed without thinking clearly
Deploying parallel name spaces
• Simple to do - – Deploy many DNS roots with different name
spaces
• Effect: – People using one cannot find people in
another– Commerce diminished– Mail exchange impeded, etc
Correctness issues
• Many servers running Bind– Often as old as version 4
• Incompatible upgrades cause other systems to fail– Software reliability is one of the big issues,
and this is a key component
ASCII (ACE) or non ASCII IDN
• The IDN solutions can be very extreme, there is no intermediate solution
• ACE has short-term benefit but has long-term penalty
• 8bit clean technique introduces system vulnerability ?
Policy PerspectiveWHO’S WHO
Who Own and Control the Internet?
• Domain Names(gTLD, ccTLD)• IP Address• Protocol Parameter• Root Server• BIND
ICANN
ICANN(Formally IANA)
TLDs:gTLD/ccTLD
ARIN,RIPEAPNIC
IETF/IAB
Govt. AdvisoryCommittee
DNS Root Server
What ICANN does
• To Coordinate the unique assignment of
• Three values that are essential to the • Proper functioning of the Internet
– Domain Names– IP addresses – Protocol port and parameter numbers
What ICANN does not do
• Content Control• Network Security• Data Privacy Protection• Setting multilingual name standards• Multilingual Internet interoperability
ICANN’s Responses
• 2000. 3 Cairo • 2000. 6 Yokohama
– ASCII, Internet Language• 2000. 11Marina del Rey
– To host Internationalized Domain Names Workshop• 2001. 3 Melbourne
– To discuss Internationalized DN in the public forum
MINC
• Coordination of R&D on multilingual names• Coordination on deployment of multilingual
names • Coordination with the relevant
organizations i.e. IETF, W3C, ICANN, ISOC, Unicode, IEEE, ISO and ITU
• Coordination for standards development
Issues of Interoperability
• Tower of Babel – Babelisation of Internet has taken place.
• “Islands” of the Internet should be prevented i.e. which should not fragment the network with multiple non-interoperable standards
• Asia Pacific Taskforce on internationalising Domain Names set up
• Internet Engineering Task Force urgently set up IDN Working Group
Several Multilingual Domain Names Testbeds emergent
• Industry driving this• NSI (Verisign) and partner companies setting up m
ultilingual.com services testbed• JPNIC, KRNIC launching production level testbeds
for japanese.jp and korean.kr• CNNIC, TWNIC, HKNIC, MONIC forms CDNC
- in progress
MINC’s Role
• MINC will coordinate the Interoperability Testing as a whole.
• MINC will commission the Interoperability Testing Working Group to manage the Testing.
• MINC will operate the testing using a self-financing cost-recovering model.
What is JET?
• Joint Engineer Team for developing Open Multilingual Domain Name System for ICANN TLDs.
• Core members are CNNIC, JPNIC, KRNIC and TWNIC.
• ISC, IETF co-chair and VeriSign GRS are invited.
• Business status & plan are exchanged for the better service introduction.
JET meetings & Discussions
• 1st : July 15 2000 (Yokohama) Local charset or ACE
• 2nd : Aug 28-30 2000 (Beijing) Common mDNS
• 3rd : Nov. 29-30 2000 (Taipei) Global/Localized components
• 4th : Feb. 28 – Mar 1 2001 (Kuala Lumpur) IETF Standardization & Localization
• 5th : June 25-26 2001 (Shanghai)• 6th : Oct 18 2001 (Beijing)
– Last f2f meeting before IETF standardization
Open Source Code
• TWNIC/CNNIC– mDNS with 8-bit clean BIND– 8-bit clean Squid proxy/Apache web server
• JPNIC– mDNkit
• To be fully compatible with IETF standards• Core library for processing mDN
– Code conversion between local charset and ACEs
– Normalization• Tools for code conversion
– mdnconv, dnsproxy, runmdn, mDN Wrapper• BIND 8 & 9 Patches
JET Outcome
• Information exchange on the business– Service menu & schedule (JPRS)– System development– Reserved words– DRP
• Engineering Discussion• IETF Contribution
– UNAME– TSCONV– JPCHAR– HANGUELCHAR
• Software Release: JPNIC’s mDNkit Plan• Localization
CDNC
• Members : CNNIC, TWNIC, MONIC, HKNIC
• Development– multilingual domain name
system– system interoperability
• Information Sharing• Multilingual domain name service
activation and operation
CDNC Experience
• Strong momentum from official registries• First organization introduce multiple root
systems model (chain table) and multilingual ccTLDs, gTLDs (全漢字 )
• Normalization– Simplified Chinese Characters vs. traditional Chi
nese Characters
Technology PerspectiveIETF IDN Movement & Status
Update
IDNA Concept
CommunicationCommunicationLayerLayer
Input/OutputInput/Output
DNS ProtocolDNS Protocol Application Application ProtocolProtocol
IDNAIDNATransformationTransformation
IDNA Overview
• Changes of presentation layer of applications
• No changes to application protocols• No changes to DNS protocol• No changes to any current DNS servers
IDNA Interface Components
Changes to applications for IDNA
• Input of host names– Prepares name using stringprep– Applies an ACE– Sends encoded name to resolver (as well as application laye
r protocol)• Display of host names
– Scans displayable text or protocol elements for ACEs– Displays them in local display format
STRINGPREP
• Output of a single, unambiguous string• Let user enter anything that might look
correct to them• Typical users should be able to follow
logic of preparation
Overview of STRINGPREP
• Mapping – Mapping characters to other characters
• Normalization– Normalizing the characters
• Prohibit– Excluding characters that are prohibited
from in internationalized host names
Ripple Effects
• Un-updated applications will display obscure ACE format
• Non-IDN names that use the ACE prefix or suffix will either be considered illegal or will appear as nonsense characters
• Doesn’t internationalize text records in the DNS zone files
Administrative Issues
• Administrative interface for DNS servers must all check IDN names
• Probably done with automated scripts converting from and to preferred native format
• Will probably be important to check all names with stringprep, even after they are in the zone files
IETF IDN Update
• AMC-ACE-Z as chosen ACE• nameprep/tsconv/hanguelchar/jpchar/
stringprep should be consolidated into one architecture
• the requirements draft will be moving forward for IETF Last Call
• Go forward with IDNA.
IDNA Possible Structure
Client
Local Process
StringPrep
Reordering
AMC-ACE-Z
Localization
IDNA Internationalization
Search Model Example One
ApplicationApplication
StringPrepStringPrepTC/SC EngineTC/SC Engine DNS
Yellowpage
Search Model Example Two
ApplicationApplication
StringPrepStringPrepDNS
Yellowpage
THANK YOU
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