intro to energy lecture 6

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Enger & Smith

Environmental ScienceA Study of Interrelationships

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 8

Energy and Civilization: Patterns of Consumption

Energy and Civilization: Patterns of Consumption

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

Pre Industrial revolution

• Biological energy sources

– Initial energy transfer---photosynthesis.

– Very early in human history

– Hunter/gatherers

Exploit additional energy sources Domesticated animals/plants Use of wood

Heating Cooking

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

• Increased Use of Wood– Dense, rapidly growing settlements outstripped wood

production

– new fuel sources such as coal

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

Fossil Fuels • modified remains of plants, animals, microorganisms

that lived million of years ago

Coal• 286-362 million years ago • Plant material under heat/pressure

Oil and natural gas • one-celled marine organisms.

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

During the Industrial Revolution• machines replaced

human/animal labor in manufacture and transportation

• Steam engines (heat energy into forward motion)

• Countries or regions without large coal deposits left behind.

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

Prior to the Industrial Revolution• goods were manufactured on a small scale (farms)

Expanding factories needed larger labor pools– people began congregating around factories and cities.

• Coal in cities resulted in increased levels of air pollution.

Within 200 years, energy consumption of industrialized nations increased eightfold.

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

Changes in energy sources

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

The invention of the automobile • increased the demand for oil products

• 2% in 1900 to 40% in 2010

Automobile industry led to roadway construction, which required energy.• Better roads---higher speeds. • Higher speeds---bigger, faster cars.• Bigger, faster cars---better roads. • “More chasing more”

8.1 History of Energy Consumption

More cars• Job growth in automobile-related industries.• Major role in development of industrialized nations.

Cars altered people’s lifestyles:• Vacationers --greater distances.• People could live farther from work

– Led to cities and suburbs.

– labor-saving, energy-consuming devices became essential

– Energy dependent

Discussion

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8.2 How Energy Is Used

Industrialized nations use energy roughly equally for:• Residential / commercial uses• Industrial uses• Transportation

Less-developed countries--residential purposes.• Cooking and heating

Developing countries--develop industry.

8.2 How Energy Is Used

In North America, 22% of energy is used for residential and 18% for commercial purposes.• In Canada, about 60% of residential energy is used for

heating.

In Africa and Asia--used for cooking, and comes from wood.• Using fuel-efficient stoves instead of fires

– could reduce energy consumption by 50%

– improve health--breathe less wood smoke.

Transportation Energy Uses

Per capita energy use for transportation is • high in developing countries • highest in highly developed countries

• The specific combination – bus, rail, waterways, and private automobiles

– main factor in determining a country’s energy use for transportation.

8.2 How Energy Is Used

How Americans get to work

8.3 Electrical Energy

Most electrical energy • burning fossil fuels.

Electricity is easily transported• uses are so varied• electricity is a major world energy source

• Industrialized nations have 20% of the world’s population, but use 55% of the world’s electricity.

8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

A direct link exists between economic growth and the availability of inexpensive energy.• industrial societies want to ensure a continuous

supply of affordable energy.

• The higher the price of energy– more expensive goods and services become.

• Subsidies help keep energy costs down.

8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

• International trade fossil fuels– Influence world economy/politics

Automobile fuel efficiency --government policy has had significant impact

The price of gasoline :• Purchasing and processing crude oil• Taxes

8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

Taxes in the U.S. represent 15% of retail gasoline price.• 30% in Canada• 45-65% in Japan and Europe

The average European car driver pays about twice as much as U.S. and Canadian drivers, and uses 40% less fuel to drive the same distance as a U.S. driver.

8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

Gasoline taxes and fuel efficiency

8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

Governments often charge road users to help build and repair roads by taxing fuel.

• U.S. only raises 60% of monies needed for roads from fuel taxes.

– Low fuel costs in the U.S. encourage more travel, which increases road repair costs.

Kyoto Treaty

Kyoto Treaty• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on

December 1997 and entered into force on February 2005

–  37 industrialized countries and the European Community committed to reduce GHG emissions

• Mandates reductions in carbon dioxide into atmosphere

• U.S. has not signed into treaty

8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) consists of 13 countries.

OPEC nations control over 75% of the world’s estimated oil reserves (1,400 billion barrels).

With increased solidarity among OPEC countries, • oil prices have continued to rise and reached over

$147 per barrel in 2008 • before falling at the end of 2008

– world economy entered a recession.

Persian Gulf OPEC

40% oil production; Control 75% of oil reserves

8.5 Energy Consumption Trends

Over half of world energy consumption is by the 25 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the developed nations of the world.• Available Energy Sources

– Oil 36%

– Coal 28%

– Natural Gas 24%

– Nuclear energy and hydropower provide the rest.

8.5 Energy Consumption Trends

Changes in world energy consumption

Summary

A direct correlation exists between the amount of energy used and the complexity of civilizations.

Fossil-fuel consumption in conjunction with the invention of labor-saving machines resulted in the Industrial Revolution, which led to the development of technology-oriented societies today in the developed world.

The invention of the automobile caused major changes in the lifestyles of people that led to greater consumption of energy.

Summary

Because of the high dependence of modern societies on oil as a source of energy, OPEC countries can set the price of oil through collective action.

In general, rich countries use large amounts of energy and poor countries use much less.

Analysts expect the worldwide demand for energy to increase steadily and the growth in energy usage by those countries becoming industrialized to be greater than that of already-industrialized nations.

FUEL

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