introduction about 2000 b.c.e. greek speaking people settled the lands surrounding the aegean sea...
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IntroductionAbout 2000 B.C.E. Greek speaking people settled the lands surrounding the Aegean Sea
Contact with Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia MinorGreeks forged their own unique ideas, values
Polis - city-state - foundation of Greek lifeConflict with the Persian empireExtraordinary cultural achievementsEventual fall to Macedonians
Expansion in Hellenistic age
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Minoans - 3rd and 2nd MillenniaMinoan Bronze Age civilization on island of Crete
Major influence on early GreeksNamed after Minos, legendary founder
Early, Middle, and Late MinoanCnossus - extraordinary remainsEarly forms of writing
Evidence of early form of Greek
Trade with the MycenaeansEventually fall to Mycenaeans
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Mycenaeans ca. 2000-1100 B.C.E.
Earliest Greek-speaking societyInfluenced by Minoans, but very different
Mycenaeans were warriorsIndependent, well-organized monarchiesTholos tombsWanax - title of Mycenaean king
Height of power - 1400-1200 B.C.E.Sacked Troy around 1250 B.C.E.
Inspiration for Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey
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Fall of Mycenaean Power
Palaces destroyed, cities abandoned; art, way of life, and writing system buried and forgotten 1100 B.C.E
Possible invasion of Greece by the Dorians
Resulted in dispersion of Greeks and Greek dark “Middle Age,” lasting to 750 B.C.E.
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Age of Homer - 10th-9th cens.Greek “Middle Age” - 1100-750 B.C.E.Homer wrote of Mycenaeans
But reflected age he lived in - 10th-9th cens.
Kings less powerful than Mycenaean rulersLimited, constitutional government
Sharp class divisions - society was aristocraticValues - physical prowess, courage, protection of one’s friends, property, honor and reputationArete - courage, manliness
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Polis and Hoplite Phalanx
City-stateCharacteristic Greek institution
Thought of as a community of relatives
Agora - marketplace and civic center• Heart of Greek social life
Hoplite phalanxDominant military force in Mediterranean
Phalanx and polis heralded the decline of kings
Bond between aristocrats and farmers
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Expansion of the Greek World
Tremendous expansion by 6th century B.C.E.Macedonia, southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, southern France, Black Sea, north African coast
Magna Graecia
Relieved pressure and land-hungerSafety valve for poleis to escape civil wars
Panhellenic (“all-Greek”) spiritCommon religious festivals - Olympia, Delphi
Encouraged trade and industry
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The Tyrants ca. 700-500 B.C.E.
Economic expansion brought social pressures
Tyrant - monarch who had gained power in unorthodox but not necessarily wicked way
Strong one-man rule - might be popular• Expelled aristocratic opponents• Public works projects, land division
Tyrants disappeared - some outragesMainly - concept of tyranny was inimical to ideal of polis
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Life in Archaic Greece
Features of Greek life coming into focusIncreasing role of merchants, artisans
Farmers - simple, hard life, Hesiod’s Works and Days, 700 B.C.E
Aristocrats - rich enough to employ• Hired laborers, sharecroppers, slaves• Symposion• Athletic contests• Running, long jump, discus, javelin, pentathlon, boxing,
wrestling, chariot race
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Religion
Worship did not involve great emotionNo hope for immortality
Justice lay in paying one’s debts
Cult of Apollo at Delphi very importantPriests preached moderation
“Know thyself” and “Nothing in excess”
Sophrosyne - self-control
Hubris - arrogance
• Leads to divine vengeance
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Gods - PantheonZeus - father of the godsHera - Zeus’ wifeZeus’s siblings
Poseidon - god of the seas and earthquakes Hestia - goddess of the hearth Demeter - goddess of agriculture and marriage
Zeus’s ChildrenAphrodite - goddess of love and beautyApollo - god of the sun, music, poetry, prophecyAres - god of warAthena - goddess of wisdom and the artsHephaestus- god of fire and metallurgyHermes- messenger of the gods
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SpartaSecond Messenian War - 650 B.C.E.
Fear of HelotsTransformation of society
Control exerted over each Spartan from birthPowerful commitment to polisAmbition - glory and respect by glory in war
Spartan girls had greater freedomMixture of monarchy, oligarchy, democracyLeadership of Peloponnesian League
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Athens - Early Tensions
Initially an aristocratic polisNo written law code
Areopagus - council of nobles
Elected magistrates, archons
Agrarian crisisEconomic and social pressures
Many debtors pledged family as surety• Many defaulted and enslaved
Solon elected archon in 594 B.C.E.
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Solon - ca. 639-559“Shaking off of burdens”
Canceled current debtsForbade future debts secured by personFreed Athenians enslaved for debt
Expanded citizenshipIncluded immigrant artisans and merchants
Divided citizenry into four classesThird class - serve in council of four hundredThetes - fourth class - voted in assembly
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Pisistratus - 605?-527 B.C.E.
Seizes power as tyrant in 546 B.C.E.Increased power of central government
• At expense of nobles
Public works projects
Supported poets and artists
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Clisthenes and Democracy
Central aim of Clisthenes’ reformsDiminish influence of noble factions
• Four tribes become ten tribes• New council of five hundred
Final authority in all things in assembly of all adult male Athenian citizens
Debate in assembly was free and open
Any Athenian could submit legislation
Or argue merits of legislation
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Persian Wars
Asia Minor fell under Lydian then Persian controlGreek city-states on Ionian coast in rebellion
Persians under Darius invade in 490Marathon - 490, Greek victory under Miltiades
Xerxes - r. 486-465 B.C.E.Massive invasion in 481 B.C.E.
150,000 men and 600 ships
Greek victories at Thermopylae, Salamis
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Classical Greece
Victory in Persian Wars - leads to 150 years of intense, almost unmatched cultural achievement
After victory - two sources of power• Sparta - head of Peloponnesian League• Athens - head of Delian League
Reasons for splitNeed for protection from Persia
Desire for revenge and reparations
Leadership of Cimon
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First Peloponnesian WarCollapse of Cimon’s authority
Supported positive relations with Sparta
Rebellion of Thasos against Delian LeagueThasians appeal to Sparta for aid
War began when Megara switched sides from Sparta to Athens
Athens suffers defeat in Egypt versus Persia
Athenian leader PericlesAgrees to thirty years truce with Sparta
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Athenian Empire and Democracy
Reign of Pericles - best and worst in Athens
Athens bullies other city-states
Freest government world had ever seenCitizenship was key
Every decision approved by citizen assembly
Collection of people, not their representatives
All public officials subject to scrutiny
No standing army or police force• No way to coerce people
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Women of AthensWomen excluded from most aspects of public life
Always under control of male guardianMarried very young
Divorce difficult to obtainMain function was to produce male heirs
Carefully segregated from menMen could seek sexual gratification outside marriage with prostitutes
Ironic - strong women in Greek tragedy/comedy
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Great Peloponnesian WarThirty Years’ Peace lasted ten years
Spartan strategy - invade and crush armyAthenian strategy - raids on coast
Athenian decline after death of Pericles, 429Peace of Nicias in 421Alcibiades - ca. 450-404Athenian disaster at Sicily in 413
Spartan leader LysanderAthens surrenders in 404 B.C.E.
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Struggle for Greek LeadershipSpartan hegemony
Handed Ionian Greek city-states to PersiaLysander installs “Thirty Tyrants” in AthensLoss to Thebans at Leuctra in 371 B.C.E.
Theban hegemonyGenerals - Pelopidas and Epaminondas
Second Athenian empireRepeat mistakes of Delian League
Return to disorganization and warfare
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Fifth Century B.C.E. Culture
Two sources of tension fueled creativityPride in accomplishments vs. fear of hubrisHopes of individual vs. limits of state
Socrates, Plato, AristotleArchitectural achievements under Pericles
Pericles - Athens as “school of Hellas”Temples to honor city’s godsProjected Athenian greatness
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Attic Tragedy and Comedy
TragedyReligious observations in honor of Dionysus
Questions of religion, ethics, morality• Aeschylus - 525-456 B.C.E.
• Sophocles - ca. 496-406 B.C.E.
• Euripides - ca. 480-406 B.C.E.
ComedyAristophanes - ca. 450-385 B.C.E.
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History
Herodotus - 484?-425? B.C.E.“The father of history” - studied Persian War
Attempted to explain human actions
Draw instructions from them
Thucydides - ca. 460-ca. 400 B.C.E.History of the Peloponnesian War
Used evidence to try and discover meaningful patterns of human behavior
Understanding of history - guide to future
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Fourth Century B.C.E. Culture
Middle ComedyTurn away from life of polisTowards everyday life, family, satire
New ComedyMeander - 342-291 B.C.E.
Tragedy faded - revivals of classicsEuripides becomes a favoritePsychology of individual human beings
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Macedonian Conquest
Kingdom of Macedon
Philip of Macedon - r. 359-336 B.C.E.Admiration for Greek culture
Undermined Athenian control of Aegean
Defeated Athens in 338 B.C.E.• Role of Philip’s son Alexander
• End to Greek freedom and autonomy
• Philip assassinated in 336 B.C.E.
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Alexander the Great 356-323
Alexander’s personalityInvasion of Persia in 334 B.C.E.
Battle of Granicus River - 334 B.C.E.Battle of Issus - 333 B.C.E.Fall of Persepolis - 330 B.C.E.Alexander enters Indus Valley - 327 B.C.E.
Alexander’s place in historyMan of vision vs. murderous tyrant
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Alexander’s SuccessorsPtolemy I - 367?-283 B.C.E.
Ptolomies - Thirty-first dynasty in Egypt
Seleucus I - 358?-280Seleucid dynasty in Mespotamia
Antigonus I - 382-301 B.C.E.Antigonid dynasty in Asia Minor and Macedon
Tremendous trade and prosperityGreece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
• One single political, economic, cultural unit
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Hellenistic Culture
Significant turning point in Greek literature, philosophy, religion and art
Dominant role of polis is lost
Arrogant Greek humanism gives way to• Resignation to fate, helplessness
Plato’s AcademyBecomes center of skepticism (Pyrrho)
Aristotle’s LyceumCenter of literary and historical studies
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Epicureans
Epicurus of Athens - 342-271 B.C.E.Goal was happiness, not knowledge
Achieved through a life based on reason
Gods took no interest in human affairsGoal was to liberate people from the fear of death, the gods, and the supernatural
Hedonistic - identified happiness with pleasureAbsence of pain and trouble
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Stoics
Zeno of Citium - 335-263 B.C.E.
God and nature are the sameHumans must live in harmony with themselves
Logos - divine reasonGuiding principle in nature
Source of misery is passion
World is a single large polis
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Literature, Mathematics and ScienceAlexandria - center of Hellenistic world
Museum - great research instituteLibrary - great body of past Greek literature
Euclid - 3rd century B.C.E.Elements - plane and solid geometry
Archimedes of Syracuse - ca. 287-212 B.C.E.Theory of lever, invented hydrostatics
Aristarchus of Samos - ca. 310-230 B.C.E.Heliocentric theory of universe
Ptolemy of Alexandria - 2nd century C.E.Eratosthenes of Cyrene - ca. 275-195 B.C.E.
Circumference of earth, treatise on geography
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