introduction to anatomy & physiology how does the form relate to the function?
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Introduction to Introduction to Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology
How does the form relate to the function?
IntroductionIntroduction All living organisms share
the following characteristics: Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy & Physiology SciencesAnatomy & Physiology Sciences
Biology◦The Study of Life
Anatomists study: Internal and external structure Physical relationships among body parts
Physiologists study: How organisms perform vital functions
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy & Physiology SciencesAnatomy & Physiology Sciences
Gross anatomy◦“Naked eye” anatomy◦Macroscopic anatomy
◦Surface anatomy General form and superficial markings
◦Regional anatomy All superficial and internal features of a specific part of the body Sectional anatomy
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Systemic Anatomy◦Anatomy of individual body systems
Microscopic Anatomy◦Study of structures that cannot be seen
with the unaided eyeComparative Anatomy
◦Comparative study – compares anatomy of one type of organism to another type
Developmental Anatomy◦Study of body features from fertilization
to maturityPathological Anatomy
◦Study of the effect of disease on the body
Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology SciencesSciences
Microscopic anatomy◦Cytology: study of individual cells◦Histology: study of tissues◦Embryology: study of embryonic structures
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy & Physiology SciencesAnatomy & Physiology SciencesHuman physiology: Study of human body function
Cell physiologyStudy of the functions of human cells
Special physiologyStudy of functions of specific organs
System physiologyStudy of functions of body system
Pathological physiologyStudy of effects of diseases on organs or organ function
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Additional Subdivisions Additional Subdivisions Pathology
◦ Study of disease – effects of disease on the human body Immunology
◦ Study of immune response and disorders of the body’s defense mechanism
Hematology◦ Study of blood and its disorders
Endocrinology◦ Study of the endocrine system – hormones and their roles
Genetics◦ Inheritance
Psychology◦Study of mental processes and behavior
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
OrganismLevel
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-1 1 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 2 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 3 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 4 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiovascular
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-1 5 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-1 6 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganismLevel
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-1 7 of 7
Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:
◦Integumentary◦Skeletal◦Muscular◦Nervous◦Endocrine
◦Cardiovascular◦Lymphatic◦Respiratory◦Digestive◦Urinary◦Reproductive
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System
Figure 1-2(a)
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Figure 1-2(b)
The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
Figure 1-2(c)
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
Figure 1-2(d)
The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
Figure 1-2(e)
The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
Figure 1-2(f)
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System
Figure 1-2(g)
The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System
Figure 1-2(h)
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
Figure 1-2(i)
The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System
Figure 1-2(j)
Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
Figure 1-2(k)
Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
Figure 1-2(l)
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis◦Maintains stable internal conditions
Temperature
Ionic concentrations
Blood sugar levels, etc.
◦Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Regulation depends on:◦ Receptor sensitive to a
particular stimulus◦ Effector that affects the
same stimulus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
Figure 1-3
2 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
Figure 1-3
3 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
4 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
5 of 6
RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
RESPONSE:Room temperature
dropsNormalconditionrestored
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1-3
6 of 6
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback:◦Variation outside normal limits
triggers automatic corrective response
◦Response negates disturbance
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1-4
1 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanismwhen body
temperaturerises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
Informationaffects
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Sendscommands
to
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Negativefeedback
Controlmechanismwhen body
temperaturefalls
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
STIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
rises
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Figure 1-4
2 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
rises
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
3 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
rises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
4 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSEIncreased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
rises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
5 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
falls
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Figure 1-4
6 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
falls
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
7 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
falls
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
8 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSEDecreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
falls
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
9 of 10
Figure 1-4
10 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanismwhen body
temperaturerises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
Informationaffects
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Sendscommands
to
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Negativefeedback
Controlmechanismwhen body
temperaturefalls
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback:◦Stimulus produces response
that reinforces the stimulus◦Response rapidly completes
critical process
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Figure 1-5
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis and Disease ◦Failure of homeostatic regulation◦Symptoms appear◦Organ system malfunction
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation
Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.
They monitor and adjust internal conditions.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Surface Anatomy◦Anatomical Position
Hands at side Palms forward Feet together
◦Supine: Face up
◦Prone: Face down
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-6(a)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-6(b)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Regions◦Two methods to map abdominal
and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(a)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(b)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(c)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
A few anatomical directions:◦Anterior (= ventral)◦Posterior (= dorsal)◦Superior◦Inferior◦Lateral◦Medial◦Proximal◦Distal
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-8
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections◦Transverse plane
Transverse section
◦Frontal plane Frontal section
◦Sagittal plane Sagittal section
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-9
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Ventral body cavity◦Protects delicate organs
◦Permits organ growth and movement
◦Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:◦Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity
◦Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an
individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides,
palms facing forward, and feet together.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-10(a)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Radiological Procedures◦X-rays
◦CT Scans
◦MRIs
◦Ultrasound
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
X-RaysX-Rays
Figure 1-11(a)
X-RaysX-Rays
Figure 1-11(b)
Common Scanning TechniquesCommon Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(a)
Common Scanning TechniquesCommon Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(b)
Common Scanning TechniquesCommon Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(c)
Common Scanning TechniquesCommon Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(d)
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