introduction to botany. lecture 2herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/biol_154/2013_2014/lec_154_02.pdf ·...

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

August 30, 2013

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Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Course in generalGrading

3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2

4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy

5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food

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Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Course in generalGrading

3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2

4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy

5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26

Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Course in generalGrading

3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2

4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy

5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26

Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Course in generalGrading

3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2

4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy

5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26

Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Course in generalGrading

3 Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2

4 Plants in generalLevels of organizationTaxonomy

5 Ways of lifeEnergy and food

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 2 / 26

Questions and answers

Previous final question: the answer

Why plants are important?

OxygenFood and food chainsMedicineetc.

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Questions and answers

Previous final question: the answer

Why plants are important?

OxygenFood and food chainsMedicineetc.

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 2 August 30, 2013 3 / 26

Course in general Grading

Course in generalGrading

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Course in general Grading

Exams

Normally, exam is based on the question sheet and takes 50minutes.However, several slots will be available for the other type of exambased on electronic essay.

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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2

Plants: definitionPlants1 and plants2

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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2

Plants1 and plants2

Plants1 are all photosynthetic organismsPlants2 are organisms with stem and leaves (better definition willfollow)

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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2

The nature of two definitions

Plants1—ecological definition (based on the role in nature)Plants2—taxonomic definition (based on the evolution)

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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2

Plants1 is about ecology

Plants1 are photosynthetic organisms:

H2O + CO2 + light → organic compounds + O2

Some plants1 could taxonomically be bacteria or even animals!

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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2

Green slugs

Green slugs obtain chloroplasts from algae, but keep them all their life,feed from them and even use chloroplast genes.

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Plants: definition Plants1 and plants2

Green Hydra

No mouth!

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Plants in general Levels of organization

Plants in generalLevels of organization

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Plants in general Levels of organization

Levels of organization

Ecosystems OR TaxaPopulationsOrganismsOrgansTissuesCellsOrganellesMolecules

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Plants in general Levels of organization

Place of botany

Layered cake of biology (Odum, 1971): botany is a“slice science”

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Plants in general Taxonomy

Plants in generalTaxonomy

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Plants in general Taxonomy

Ranks

Most scientists accept seven main ranks:

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

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Plants in general Taxonomy

Names

Names of species are binomials like Solanum tuberosum (potato)Names of other ranks are uninomials like Vegetabilia (plantkingdom)

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Plants in general Taxonomy

Pyramid of life

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Plants in general Taxonomy

Questions about pyramid

What is Monera? Prokaryotes: (1) Bacteria and (2) ArchaeaWhat is Protista? Eukaryotes without tissuesWhere are viruses? They are not a group but “shatters of evolutionary

explosions”Where are eukaryotes? Protista, Vegetabilia and AnimaliaWhere are fungi? They belong to different protistsWhere are plants2? VegetabiliaWhere are plants1? It is not applicable hereWhy are two groups on one level? Vegetabilia and Animalia both have

tissues but obtained them for the radically differentpurposes. Animals acquired kinoblast and phagocytoblastto hunt and digest, and plants have epidermis andphotosynthetic tissue to survive on land.

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Plants in general Taxonomy

Plants1 and plants2 (updated)

Plants1 are all photosynthetic organismsPlants2 are Vegetabilia: multi-tissued, terrestrial, primarilyphotosynthetic eukaryotes

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Ways of life Energy and food

Ways of lifeEnergy and food

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Ways of life Energy and food

Ways of life

How to obtain energy?1 From sun light: phototrophy2 From chemical reactions with inorganic matter (“rocks”):

lithotrophy3 From breaking organic molecules into inorganic (typically, carbon

dioxide and water): organotrophy

How to obtain building blocks?1 From assimilation of carbon dioxide: autotrophy2 From other living beings: heterotrophy

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Ways of life Energy and food

Six life styles and taxonomy

Phototrophs Lithotrophs Organotrophs

Autotrophs Plants1: someMonera, someProtista, mostof Vegetabilia

Some Monera Some Monera

Heterotrophs Some Monera Some Monera Majority ofAnimalia andmany Protista

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Ways of life Energy and food

Final question (1 point)

What is the difference between plants1 and plants2?

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Ways of life Energy and food

Final question (1 point)

What is the difference between plants1 and plants2?

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Ways of life Energy and food

Summary

“Plants” have two definitionsBotany as a “slice science” covers multiple levels of organization

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Ways of life Energy and food

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource].2010—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapter 1.

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