introduction: what we know and don’t know about biometrics

Introduction: What we know and don’t know about biometrics

Lecture Outline

1. Biometrics – Reality and Myths2. Biometrics in Real Life 3. Basic Biometric Definitions

Hollywood Face Recognition

Common misconceptions– 100% match to any

image at any angle– Instantly recognize any

person– Tied into a “super

database” that knows who everyone is

– Available to and in use by law enforcement

Movie scene (Pubic domain)

Hollywood DNA

Misconceptions– Access to a super

database that has everyone’s DNA

– Automatically and rapidly processes a sample

Movie scene (Pubic domain)

Hollywood Fingerprints

Screenshot from “Man in black” movie(Pubic domain)

Hollywood – information theft

Parody on “Mission Impossible” scene

(anonymous)

Face Recognition Today

• Today’s Reality– Affected by lighting,

angle, quality of captured image

– Requires a “high-end” computer for real-time face capture/processing

– Many are stand-alone systems

– Being evaluated, not deployed

Ft. Lauderdale Airport, Florida

Face Recognition Today

• Today’s Reality– Varying confidence of

match depending on application

– Multiple unique and proprietary image formats make sharing hard

– Intelligence images not available to local law enforcement or corrections

– Data sharing across jurisdictions is a problem

100 known images in the database

Face Recognition Today

• Face Recognition Vendor Test 2002 and 2006 provides independent government evaluations of commercially available and mature prototype face recognition systems.

• Results available at http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.03/face/face.html

FRVT 2002 and 2006 evaluated performance on:

• High resolution still imagery (5 to 6 mega-pixels)

• 3D facial scans • Multi-sample still facial

imagery • Pre-processing algorithms that

compensate for pose and illumination

FpVTE Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation

• The Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation (FpVTE) 2003 is an independently administered technology evaluation of fingerprint matching, identification, and verification systems.

• Assessed the capability of 18 vendors fingerprint systems to meet requirements for large-scale and small-scale real applications.

• Consists of multiple tests performed with combinations of fingers and different types and qualities of operational fingerprints

• Conducted by the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) between October and November 2003 on behalf of U.S. Department of Justice.

• Report made public in June 2004 at http://FpVTE.nist.gov

FpVTE Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation

Some of the Results• Systems that performed most accurately were developed

by NEC, SAGEM, and Cogent• The most accurate systems are highly accurate. Given a

false accept rate of 0.01% the results for NEC Large Scale Test system showed a false rejection rate of 0.4%

• The variables that had the largest effect on system accuracy were the number of fingers used and fingerprint quality.

• Different systems were distinguished by how they performed across the spectrum from good to bad (performance separation was really on “bad” quality).

Applications: Biometrics in Schools

• Eleven, Single-Eye LG Electronics IrisAccess 2200 Iris Recognition Cameras were Evaluated– 6 cameras within closed

areas in 3 schools– 5 cameras were located

outdoors with fabricated protective closures

• Unsuccessful attempts mostly due to camera capture errors (16%) and access attempts by unknown users (5.8%)

• Issues remaining include:– Tailgating (accepted users

holding door open for others)– Ability to Capture Iris

Outdoors (lighting)

National News Reports

Interior System exterior System

Applications: Biometrics in Correction Facilities

• Demonstration and Assessment of Facial Recognition Technology at Prince George’s County Correctional Facility

• Visionics (now Identix) system installed based on results of FRVT 2000

• Required re-work of room lighting, addition of camera lights, and training of staff and system users.

• Interfaced with Staff and Volunteer Access Control System to verify identity of staff and volunteers upon entry and exit from the facility

• Augments manned access control station

When you walk into a building from a parking lot?

When you shop at your favorite store?

Go to your bank?

Applications: Video surveillance

When you buy gas for your car?

Pay at a toll booth?

Video surveillance is a daily fact of life. Current motivation is mostly to avoid theft in commerce.

Applications: Video surveillance

The ideal surveillance technology would be– non-contact – at a distance– non-cooperative

also fast, cheap, and highly accurate.

Face recognition has appeal because– it is non-contact – works at a “distance”– seems to not require

cooperation– is potentially fast and

cheap– claims high accuracy in

research.

Applications: Video surveillance

Biometric Technology• Biometric Technology is concerned with representation,

storage, matching, synthesis and visualization of biometric information.

• Tremendous advance has been achieved over the last

few years in both fundamental theoretical development, matching and synthesis, as well as biometric hardware and software products.

Individual matchers

• Course discusses traditional and emerging technologies for fingerprint matching, face reconstruction, emotion animation, iris synthesis, voice recognition, signature and ear matching, and biometric fusion.

Identification

• People are identified by three basic means:– –Something they have (identity document or

token)– –Something they know (password, PIN)– –Something they are (human body, character)

Traditional identification

• Traditional means of automatic identification:– –Possession-based(credit card, smart card)

• Use “something that you have”– –Knowledge-based (password, PIN)

• Use “something that you know” – –Biometrics-based (biometric identifier)

• Use something that relies on “what you are”

Problems with traditional biometrics

• Tokens may be lost, stolen or forgotten• Passwords or PINs may be forgotten or guessed by the

imposters– –25% of people seem to write their PIN on their ATM card

• Estimates of annual identity fraud damages:– –$1 billion in credit card transactions– –$1 billion in fraudulent cellular phone use– –$3 billion in ATM withdrawals

• The traditional approaches are unable to differentiate between an authorized person and an impostor (person pretending to be somebody he/she is not)

What is biometrics

• Biometrics–science, which deals with the automated recognition of individuals based on biological and behavioral characteristics– –Scientific follow-on to Bertillon’s body measurements of

the late 1800s• Biometry–mathematical and statistical aspects of biology• Biometric system–essentially an automatic pattern

recognition system that recognizes a person by determining the authenticity of a specific biological and/or behavioral characteristic (biometric) possessed by that person

Verification

• Verification –recognizes a person by comparing the captured biometric characteristic with person’s biometric template (model) pre-stored in the system for THIS PERSON “Am I who I claim to be?”

One to one match

Identification

• Identification –recognizes a person by searching the entire template database for a match “Who am I?”One to many matches

Uses of biometrics

• Physical access control (airport, office).• Logical access control (bank account).• Ensuring uniqueness of individuals

(preventing double enrollment in some application, i.e. a social benefits program).

References and Links

• University of Calgary BT Lab web site• Course text books• Signal Processing Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Te

chnology web site http://scgwww.epfl.ch/• Biometric Systems Lab, University of Bologna

http://bias.csr.unibo.it/research/biolab/