ir-4: overview of research for invasive pathogens of...
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IR-4: Overview of research for
invasive pathogens of ornamental horticulture
crops
Cristi L Palmer, PhD
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Manager
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IR-4 Mission
Facilitate registration of sustainable pest management technology for specialty crops
and minor uses
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IR-4 Activities on behalf of the Green
Industry:Coordination of
research teams for invasive species
Photos by Cristi Palmer
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Projects
• Gladiolus Rust (FY2010 – 2012)
• Chrysanthemum White Rust (FY2011 – 2014)
• Arthropod Shipping & Duponchelia fovealis(FY 2011 – 2013)
• Boxwood Blight (FY2012 – 2015)
• Impatiens Downy Mildew (FY2013 – 2015)
Boxwood Blight
Research TeamDr. Anton BaudoinDr. Mike BensonDr. JoAnne CrouchDr. Mark CubetaMr. Norm DartMs. Margery DaughtreyDr. Sharon DouglasDr. Ann Brooks GouldDr. Chuan HongDr. Kelly IvorsDr. Jim LaMondiaDr. Bob MarraDr. Nina ShishkoffDr. Oney Smith
Photo by Cristi PalmerLocation: Williamsburg, VADate: 9/5/2014
Boxwood Blight
Photo by Cristi PalmerLocation: Hightstown, NJDate: 9/5/2014
Research Goals• Fungicide screening and mitigation
strategies• Cultural control potentials• Effect of sanitizers on conidia and
mycelia• Impact of fungicides on
microsclerotium development• Screening of potential biopesticides
for microslerotium inactivation
Boxwood Blight
• Development of isothermic LAMP detection assay
• Boxwood species and cultivar screen for resistance
• Cps host range (Pachysandra and Sarcoccoca)
• Development of infections under field conditions
• Calonectria pseudonaviculata population genetics
• Development of epidemiology model based on U.S. temperature and moisture conditions
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Boxwood Blight Project Summary• Mitigation:
– Fungicides: chlorothalonal and chlorothalonil plus other fungicides yielded most consistent results
– Sanitizing Agents: most common sanitizers inhibit mycelial growth (not ethanol) and reduce conidial germination; ethanol was very effective at reducing germination of microsclerotia.
– Heat Treatment: heat can inactivate mycelia and spores, but flaming is not effective when propagules are buried below ground in nursery-like settings; hot water treatments are continuing to be explored
– Biological Control: Trichoderma species have been isolated and screened for activity
– Host Resistance: numerous cultivars and species have been screened and ranked from susceptible to (mostly) tolerant
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Boxwood Blight Project Summary, Cont.
• Biology: – Calonectria pseudonaviculata does not survive below -10C and above
30C
• Genetic Analysis: – Boxwood blight caused by two species (validated with biological and
morphological characteristics): C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae– C. pseudonaviculata is the only species currently present in the US
• Detection:– Real time PCR primers were developed to distinguish the two species– Isothermic LAMP assay with color visualization was determined not to
be a viable fast detection method outside a laboratory– Development of ELISA based detection tool is ongoing
Boxwood Blight
Research Team
Dr. Mo Bonde
Dr. JoAnne Crouch
Dr. Kurt Heungens
Dr. Doug Luster
Dr. Oney Smith
Dr. Bas Brandwagt
Photo by Cristi PalmerLocation: NCDate: 8/7/2009
Chrysanthemum White Rust
Electron Micrograph by Dr. Gary Bauchan
Research Goals• Presence of latent infections• Overwintering capacity• Fungicide efficacy in planta• Baseline fungicide sensitivity for
US isolates• Host range and susceptibility
Chrysanthemum White Rust
• Development of CWR infections
• Determine upward mobility of P. horiana from infected crowns
• Compare US isolates to European isolates
• Validation of genetic diagnostic tools
• Development and validation of serological diagnostic tool
Boxwood Blight
Research Team
Dr. JoAnne Crouch
Ms. Margery Daughtrey
Dr. Mary Hausbeck
Dr. Lina Quesada
Dr. Aaron Palmateer
Dr. Nina Shishkoff
Photo by Cristi PalmerLocation: Cream Ridge, NJDate: 8/20/2014
Impatiens Downy Mildew
Boxwood Blight
Photos by Margery Daughtrey
Research Goals• Overwintering of Plasmopora
obducens oospores• Fungicide screening and
rotational strategies• Sporangia and oospore
development and epidemiology• Plasmopora obducens population
genetics• Development of genetic tools for
downy mildews including Impatiens Downy Mildew, Cucurbit Downy Mildew, Hops Downy Mildew, Basil Downy Mildew
Impatiens Downy Mildew
Boxwood Blight
Research Team
Dr. Mo Bonde
Dr. James Buck
Dr. Steve Jeffers
Dr. Doug Luster
Dr. Keithanne Mockaitis
Dr. Oney Smith
Dr. Alberto Valencia-Botin
Photo by Terry Davis
Gladiolus Rust
Photo by: Cristi PalmerLocation: Fort DetrickDate: 5/14/2014
Research Goals• Fungicide efficacy in the
field• Fungicide in vitro efficacy• Gladiolus cultivar
resistance• Urediniospore survival
Gladiolus Rust
• Systemic latent infection
• Develop serological diagnostic tools
• Develop genetic diagnostic tools
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Gladiolus Rust Project Summary
• Mitigation:
– Eighteen fungicides solo and in combination were screened for efficacy in gladiolus field located in several states in Mexico
– Most fungicides prevented or reduced spore germination (exceptions: epoxiconazole & cyproconazole)
– Gladiolus cultivars exhibited varying susceptibility to disease development but this was not correlated to flower color
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Gladiolus Rust Project Summary
• Biology:– Urediniospores did not survive buried in field soil for 30 or 45
days
– By 13 weeks under constant conditions (warm or cool and damp or dry), urediniospores germination dropped to nearly 0
– Corms harvested from infected plants did not exhibit symptoms after storage and regrowth
• Diagnostic Tools:– Polyclonal antibodies were developed against germinating
urediniospores
– Polyclonal antibodies were also generated from recombinant proteins chosen from cDNA libraries
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Summary
• IR-4 has facilitated 5 projects on invasive species since 2010
• These projects are consistent with IR-4 mission to facilitate registrations for growers, but they go well beyond in studying pathogen/pest biology, diagnostic tools, and population genetics in addition to mitigation
• IR-4 role to facilitate these research collaborations has benefited and will continue to benefit growers
Thank you ! Funding for IR-4 Research:USDA-NIFAUSDA-ARSUSDA-APHIS
Land Grant Institutions
Researchers:
All the fine researchers in the US and internationally!
IR-4 Personnel:Susan
BierbrunnerMichelle FooEdith LurveySatoru Miyazaki
Marylee RossMika Pringle-
TolsonBecky SiscoEly Vea
Invasive species activities were partially supported by USDA-APHIS-CPHST through the FY2011, FY 2012, FY2013, and FY2014 Farm Bills.
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