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ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
information technology & management
INTRO TO OPEN SOURCE viabiliity
iit
Introduction to Open Source
Ray TrygstadITMO 556 Spring 2016Department of Information Technology & ManagementIIT School of Applied Technology
Slides based on Weber, Steven The success of Open Source, Harvard University Press 2004; Eckert, Jason W. and Schitka, M.John.,Linux+ Guide to Linux+ Certification 3ed, Cengage Course Technology 2011; and Negus, Christopher, Linux Bible 8th Edition Wiley 2012
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Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson students
should be able to:
Recall policies, requirements andtextbooks for this course
Explain what is meant by Free and
Open Source Software (FOSS)
Discuss origins and use of FOSS
Describe the history of FOSS
Recall basic types of FOSS licenses
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Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson students
should be able to:
Describe key elements of the GPL 3license
Identify and explain the role of key
organizations in FOSS
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Syllabus & Policies
Syllabus
Blackboard
Lectures Lecture notes
Readings
Textbooks
Labs
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Free & Open Source Software (FOSS)
Software liberally licensed to grant
rights to users to study, change, and
improve design through availability ofits source code
Generally defined by the license
Assumption is all software is copyrighted Copyright status of software very
unclear originally and often was not a
concern of those writing software6
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Free & Open Source Software (FOSS)
OSS licensing created a framework
for free and open source software
Not all free software is open source Significant amounts of free software
were created for DOS & later Windows
as it was the first OS available to “the
masses;” most is not open source
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Open Source Software (OSS)
Is programs distributed and licensed
so that the source code is available to
anyone who wants to examine,utilize, or improve upon it
Format and structure of source code
follows rules defined by programming
language in which it was written
Open source was a natural
outgrowth of Hacker Culture
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The Hacker Culture
“A loosely networked collection of
subcultures that is nevertheless
conscious of some important sharedexperiences, shared roots, and shared
values.” – The Jargon File
Born in East Coast university computer
labs in the late 1950s and 1960s
The Jargon File - http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/online-preface.html
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The Hacker Culture
Result of programmers doing anything
possible to beg, borrow, or steal computing
resources; often forced to find time in the
late at night and into the early morning,
using less than ideal machines, and
working out clever compromises or work-
around solutions to accomplish their tasks Their solutions, or “hacks,” permeated
early computer culture, eventually
becoming central to it
http://subcultureslist.com/hacker-culture/
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The Hacker Culture: Hacker
“A person who enjoys exploring the details
of programmable systems and stretching
their capabilities, as opposed to most
users, who prefer to learn only the
minimum necessary.” – The Jargon File
“A person who delights in having an
intimate understanding of the internalworkings of a system, computers and
computer networks in particular.”
– RFC 1392, the Internet Users’ GlossaryThe Jargon File - http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/online-preface.html
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Defining Free and Open Source
Richard Stallman (more on him later)
defined the free part of free and open
sourceThe Open Source Initiative created
“The Open Source Definition” to
determine whether a license is trulyopen source or not
70 licenses qualify, including “the
Microsoft Public License!”12
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Richard Stallman’s Four Freedoms
Freedom to run the program for any
purpose
Freedom to study how the program works
and to modify it to suit your needs
Freedom to redistribute copies, either
gratis or for a monetary fee
Freedom to change and improve theprogram and to redistribute modified
versions of the program to the public so
others can benefit from your improvements13
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Open Source Definition
1. Free Redistribution
The software can be freely given away or
sold, intended to expand sharing and use
of the software on a legal basis
2. Source Code
The source code must either be included or
freely obtainable in an editable form Without source code, making changes or
modifications can be impossible
14 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Softwareand Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf
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Open Source Definition
3. Derived Works
Redistribution of modifications must be
allowed, to allow legal sharing and to
permit new features or repairs
4. Integrity of the Author’s Source Code
Licenses may require that modifications
are redistributed only as patches
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or
Groups
No one can be locked out 15 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Software
and Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf
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Open Source Definition
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of
Endeavor
Commercial users cannot be excluded
7. Distribution of License
The rights attached to the program must
apply to all to whom the program is
redistributed without the need forexecution of an additional license by those
parties
16 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Softwareand Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf
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Open Source Definition
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a
Product
The program cannot be licensed only aspart of a larger distribution
9. License Must Not Restrict Other
Software
The license cannot insist that any othersoftware it is distributed with must also be
open source
17 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Softwareand Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf
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Open Source Definition
10.License Must Be Technology-Neutral
No provision of the license may be
predicated on any individual technology or
style of interface
No click-wrap licenses, which may conflict
with important methods of software
distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such
provisions may also hinder code re-use
18 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Softwareand Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf
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Implications of OSS
Developed very rapidly through
widespread collaboration
Bugs (errors) noted & promptly fixedFeatures evolve quickly based on user
needs
Perceived value of the softwareincreases because it is based on
usefulness, not on price
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How did it start?
The First Era - 1960-80
Development primarily in academia –
Berkley, MIT, Xerox PARC Informal settings; common to share OS
and code
The Second Era 1980-1990
Free Software Foundation by Richard
Stallman
● “Free as in speech not as in beer”
●Start of GPL licensing
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How did it start?
The Third Era: early 1990s to today
Widespread diffusion of Internet access.
Numerous new open source projectsemerged, most notably Linux
“Open Source” licensing
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History of Open Source Software
Early computers were mainframes
Made minimal distinction between
hardware and software
First operating systems were IBM
proprietary on very pricy hardware
IBM 701 lease $15K/month
IBM 705 average price of $1.6 million
DEC undercut IBM: PDP-1 $120K 1960;
PDP-8 $18K 1965
Minis new era: PDP-11, $11K 1970 22
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History of Open Source Software
Cooperative effort to write a compiler
PACT (Project for the Advancement of Coding
Techniques) Brought together software engineers
from Lockheed, Douglas, RAND, and
other large defense contractors to build
a compiler and other shared tools Focus on mathematic operations;
allowed writing in familiar context and
rendered machine language23
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Ready, Break!
Questions? See you on Thursday, same time,
same place
(This slide reflects the break point between the
Tuesday and Thursday lectures.)
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History of Open Source Software
Computing resources too valuable not
to share so time sharing was created
CTSS (Compatible Time-SharingSystem) from MIT Nov 1961; 30 users
DTSS (Dartmouth Time-Sharing
System) Dartmouth University 1962;
300 users on PDP-1
Used DTSS myself to access IBM 360
at the U.S. Naval Academy, 1973
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History of Open Source Software
Multics (Multiplexed Information and
Computing Service) created as true
multi-user system, MIT/Bell Labs/GE Written in PL/1 and ultimately a failure
System intended to support 1000 users
could only do 3
Two ex-Multics coders, Ken
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie,
decided they could do better26
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History of Open Source Software
Basics of Thompson & Ritchie’s OS
written in 1 night by Ken Thompson
Called UNICS (uniplexed informationand computing services), an intentional
pun on Multics; later renamed UNIX
Philosophy, which later permeated OSS,
was to work small
As Dennis Ritchie put it, “build small
neat things instead of grandiose ones”
(Salus, A Quarter Century, p. 11)27
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History of Open Source Software
A typical Unix major conceptual
innovation: the pipe
Allowed output from one program to be
input to another
Unix philosophy emerged with three
major tenets—to write programs:
That do one thing and do it well
That work together
That handle text streams because that
is a universal interface28
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History of Open Source Software
Thompson and Ritchie Unix paper was
presented at the ACM Symposium on
Operating Systems in October 1973 and
published in July 1974 Requests for OS pour in
Because of AT&T position as a monopoly,
AT&T could not engage in non-telephonebusiness and was required to license patents
at nominal fees
Licensed for a nominal fee Unix to most
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History of Open Source Software
Rewritten in C, Unix could be
compiled to run on any processor
Came with NO support so communitycooperation became a key to new tool
development; academics wrote many
Intense development at UC Berkeley
resulted in the emergence of the firstUnix distribution, the Berkeley
Software Distribution (BSD)
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History of Open Source Software
In early 1980’s Bolt, Beranek, and
Newman (BBN) released a TCP/IP stack
for Unix
Allowed Unix systems to interact on the
ARPANET, the DOD-funded network that
grew into and became the Internet
TCP/IP was integrated into 4.2BSD Unixrelease
In 18 mos Berkeley shipped over 1000 site
licenses31
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History of Open Source Software
In early 90’s, UC Berkeley undertook
a massive project to reverse-engineer
all AT&T code out of BSD Unix Did all but six files
A PC-based version of BSD Unix with
ALL AT&T code removed was released
by Bill Jolitz in 1991 as 386/BSD; the
first true open-source OS distribution
Forked into NetBSD, FreeBSD, and
OpenBSD32
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History of Open Source Software
In 1993 IBM sued the commercial
distributor of BSD, BSDI, and later
added UC Berkeley UC Berkeley countersued IBM for
incorporating BSD code into AT&T
Unix without accompanying copyright
notices as required by BSD license
Suit settled out of court when AT&T
sold Unix Software Labs to Novell
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History of Open Source Software
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Unix Timeline
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History of Open Source Software
The Free Software Foundation (FSF)
1984: über-hacker Richard Stallman
resigns at MIT to work on “free software” Founds FSF as a nonprofit organization
to support the work
Goal is to produce free operating system
that anyone could download, use, modify,and distribute freely
Based on, but not Unix, hence project
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History of Open Source Software
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GNU and GPL software is “Free as
in Free Speech, not Free Beer”
http://www.gnu.org
http://www.fsf.org/
Original GNU kernel
was GNU HURD but
version 1.0 not releaseduntil 1997
Linux kernel displaced
HURD in 1992
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O U R C E 1991: Linus Torvalds writes first
version of Linux kernel
Initially, research into 386 protected mode
Linus’ Unix Linux
Combined with GNU and other tools to
form a complete Unix-like system
1992: First Linux distributions emerge Linux kernel
GNU and other tools
Installation procedure
History of Open Source Software
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2012
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History of Open Source Software
Linux published underthe GNU public license
The Linux kernel is developed
collaboratively and centrally managed
(by Linus)
Linux OS is simply a by-product of OSS
development
Some prefer to call it GNU/Linux
(Richard Stallman but not me)
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Guidelines for OSS Development
Publish early
Allow users—who often are also
contributors—to become involved early
so they can start contributing
Forestall or merge similar projects
Release often
Resolve bugs and release patches more
quickly
May have developmental and release
(stable) versions
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Developed Methodology
Idea (itch) inception
“Scratching the itch”
Upload to a well known location Software gets better by:
Informally sharing ideas
Fiddling with each others’ code
Sometimes it changes direction
As time goes on, developers come and
go & projects become active or dormant
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Software License Types
Type Description
Open Source Software in which the source code andsoftware can be obtained free of chargeand can be modified
Closed Source Software in which the source code is notavailable; although it may be distributedfree of charge, it is usually quite costly
Freeware Closed source software given out free of
charge
Shareware Closed source software that is initiallygiven out free of charge, but that requirespayment after a certain period of use
Software Types
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The GNU Public License (GPL)
Stipulates that source code
of any software distributed
under this license must be madefreely available
All software distributed under the
GPL requires recipients receive “acopy of the License along with the
Program”
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GNU Public License Provisions
Any licensee (anyone) can modify,
copy and redistribute the work or
any derivative version
Can charge a fee or do it for free
Right to redistribute granted only if
source code (including modifications)
is included
Distributed copies and any modifications
must also be licensed under the GPL
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GNU Public License Provisions
Modified versions that are not
redistributed have no requirement
to divulge the modifications This allows GPL open source software
to be used as the basis to develop
proprietary in-house information
systems
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GNU Public License
Version 3 current
Prevents GPL software from using
technical means to prevent copying Addresses software patent concerns
Linus Torvalds not happy with
some provisions of version 3 sothe Linux kernel still released
under version 2
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© Copyright IBM Corporation 2012
Effects of the License Model
Everybody has access to the source Volunteer software development on the
Internet, with central coordination
Linus Torvalds coordinates the kernel
Others coordinate other pieces of the OS
Peer reviews are possible Security
Performance Reliability● “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.”
The license cannot change
So your changes (& name) stay in forever
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Types of Closed Source Licenses
Most closed source software soldcommercially
e.g., Microsoft, Adobe, Electronic Arts, etc.
Freeware
Distributed free of charge but source codeis not necessarily available
Shareware Initially free, but requires payment after
a period of time or usage
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OSS Advantages: Cost Reduction
OSS provided under two models:
Free as in Freedom
As in “liberty” or “having freedom”, likefree speech
Free as in Beer
“At zero price”, free in the sensethat some good or service is supplied
without payment
Many OSS projects are both49
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OSS Advantages: Cost Reduction
Free as in Freedom
Developers can (and do) charge money
for the software
●Users are free to change anything
●Users alternatively can download and
compile the source code themselves instead
of paying
Best known example: Red Hat Linux
Nearly always still cheaper than closed
source alternatives50
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OSS Advantages: Cost Reduction
Free as in Beer
Software distributed no charge or solely
for the cost of distribution;
the developer does not gain any
monetary compensation
May or may not be Open Source
Much (most?) free software is both●98% of distributions of the Linux OS
● All current distributions of OpenOffice.org
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OSS Advantages: Risk Reduction
Changes in the market or customer
needs may cause companies to change
software frequently
Can be costly and time-consuming
Support for closed source software end
Vendor may go out of business
Software version may be retired
OSS products offer opportunity to
maintain and change the source code52
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OSS Advantages: Risk Reduction
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Development cycles(Source: Arnulf Christl 2007, http://www.mapbender.org/presentations/AGIT/modified)
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Open Source Continued Growth
Tim O’Reilly sees open source as an
expression of three long-term trends:
The commoditization of software Network-enabled collaboration
Software customizability (software as a
service)
54“The Open Source Paradigm Shift” by Tim O’Reilly, in Open Sources 2, ed. Chris Dibona, Danese Cooper, Mark StoneO’Reilly Media / Nabu Press September 7, 2010 ISBN-10: 1171648162 ISBN-13: 978-1171648161
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Open Source Continued Growth
The commoditization of software
Standards driven
● Increasingly expects open source
Interchangeable applications
●Google Apps, Office 365, LibreOffice
Real income is not software but support
and surrounding infrastructure
55“The Open Source Paradigm Shift” by Tim O’Reilly, in Open Sources 2, ed. Chris Dibona, Danese Cooper, Mark StoneO’Reilly Media / Nabu Press September 7, 2010 ISBN-10: 1171648162 ISBN-13: 978-1171648161
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Open Source Continued Growth
Network-enabled collaboration
Early, collaborative software
development preceded adoption of an
open source licensing model
Ebay, Amazon, Google, Facebook all
are built on foundations of collaborative
open source●Facebook in turn even open sources their
hardware: the Open Compute Project
56“The Open Source Paradigm Shift” by Tim O’Reilly, in Open Sources 2, ed. Chris Dibona, Danese Cooper, Mark StoneO’Reilly Media / Nabu Press September 7, 2010 ISBN-10: 1171648162 ISBN-13: 978-1171648161
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Open Compute Project
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Open Source Continued Growth
Software customizability (SaaS)
Dynamically typed content is important
in Web development: Perl, PHP, Python
Promotes rapid customization; Tim
O’Reilly calls the “duct tape” of the Web
Boundaries between PCs, tablet and
phones crumble as more and moresoftware is implemented online and
built on open source tools
58“The Open Source Paradigm Shift” by Tim O’Reilly, in Open Sources 2, ed. Chris Dibona, Danese Cooper, Mark StoneO’Reilly Media / Nabu Press September 7, 2010 ISBN-10: 1171648162 ISBN-13: 978-1171648161
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Risks to OSS movement
Few individuals control major products
OSS becomes part of establishment
Burnout of leading OSS pioneers
Does it still have passion, challenge, freedom, fun?
Modesty and supreme ability required from
OSS leaders
“Free Beer” more important to customers
Insufficient focus on strategy
Version proliferation & standardization
issues
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Important Open Source Sites
Open Source Initiative
Open Source Definition and Standards
Corporate supporters include Adobe,
Google, HP, IBM, Twitter and more
http://opensource.org/
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
Nonprofit; promote computer userfreedom and defend rights of free
software users
http://www.fsf.org/
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http://opensource.org/http://opensource.org/http://www.fsf.org/http://www.fsf.org/http://www.fsf.org/http://opensource.org/
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Important Open Source Sites
GNU Operating System
Tools for Unix and Linux
Complete GNU/Herd & GNU/Linux OS
http://www.gnu.org/
The Linux Foundation
Repository for and management of the
Linux kernel
Pays Linus Torvalds to maintain kernel
http://linux.org61
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http://www.gnu.org/http://www.gnu.org/http://linux.org/http://linux.org/http://linux.org/http://www.gnu.org/
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Important Open Source Sites
The Open Compute Project
Open source hardware & infrastructure
http://www.opencompute.org/
OpenSource.com Red Hat initiative to promote open
source, especially OpenStack
http://opensource.com/The Document Foundation
LibreOffice and related standards
http://www.libreoffice.org/
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http://www.opencompute.org/http://www.opencompute.org/http://opensource.com/http://opensource.com/http://www.libreoffice.org/http://www.libreoffice.org/http://www.libreoffice.org/http://opensource.com/http://www.opencompute.org/
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Important Open Source Sites
Apache Foundation
Web site server infrastructure & more
http://www.apache.org/
The Software Freedom Law Center
Provides pro-bono legal services to
developers of Free, Libre, and Open
Source Software https://www.softwarefreedom.org/
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http://www.apache.org/http://www.apache.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/http://www.apache.org/
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Important Open Source Sites
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Leading nonprofit org defending civil
liberties in the digital world
Champions user privacy, free expression,
and innovation
https://www.eff.org/
Creative Commons Open source/sharable licenses for content
http://creativecommons.org/64
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https://www.eff.org/https://www.eff.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/https://www.eff.org/
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The End…
Questions?
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