jenney’s first year latin lesson 18...3rddeclension adjectives: forming • to decline 3rddecl....

Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 18

1. Lesson 18 Vocabulary2. 3rd Declension Adjectives

3. Ablative of Accompaniment

Lesson 18 Vocabulary

acer, acris, acre

fierce, sharp

celer, celeris, celere

swift

brevis, breve

short

facilis, facile

easy

fortis, forte

brave

gravis, grave

heavy, severe, serious

omnis, omne

all, every

similis, simile

like, similar

audāx, audācis

daring, bold

potēns, potentis

powerful

Brittanus, Brittana, Brittanum

British

Gallus, Galla, Gallum

Gallic

Trōiānus, Trōiāna, Trōiānum

Trojan

3rd Declension Adjectives

Declension of Adjectives

• just like nouns belong to a declension, so do adjectives

• we have seen 1st & 2nd decl. adj. already (2-1-2), e.g.:

– magnus, magna, magnum

– miser, misera, miserum

– pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

• adj. can also belong to the 3rd declension

3rd Declension Adjectives

• there are THREE types of 3rd declension adjectives:

1. 3 Termination, e.g.: celer, celeris, celere – swift

2. 2 Termination, e.g.: omnis, omne – all, every

3. 1 Termination, e.g.: audāx, audācis – bold, daring

• the number of terminations indicates the number of different nominative forms of the adj.

3rd Declension Adjectives: Forming

• to decline 3rd decl. adj., find the stem & add endings

Finding the Stem:

• for 3 and 2 terminations, go to the nom. sg. fem. form and drop the ending (-is)

• for 1 termination, go to the gen. sg. form (2nd form) and drop the ending (-is)

• in short, drop the –is from the form that has it in the dictionary entry and you’ll have your stem

3rd Declension Adjectives: Forming

• to decline 3rd decl. adj., find the stem & add endings

Adding the Endings:

• all 3rd decl. adj. take 3rd decl. i-stem endings

• all abl. sg. forms end in –ī, like neut. i-stems

3 Termination Adj.

• the dictionary entries of 3rd decl. adj. of 3 terminations look like celer, celeris, celere:

– nom. sg. masc. ends in –er

– nom. sg. fem. ends in –is [find stem here!]

– nom. sg. neut. ends in –e

• e.g.:

– acer, acris, acre: fierce, sharp

Declining 3rd Decl. Adj. of 3 Terminationsceler, celeris, celere

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTERSingular

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Plural

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Declining 3rd Decl. Adj. of 3 Terminationsceler, celeris, celere

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTERSingular

Nom. celer celeris celereGen. celeris celeris celerisDat. celerī celerī celerīAcc. celerem celerem celereAbl. celerī celerī celerī

Plural

Nom. celerēs celerēs celeriaGen. celerium celerium celeriumDat. celeribus celeribus celeribusAcc. celerēs celerēs celeriaAbl. celeribus celeribus celeribus

2 Termination Adj.

• the dictionary entries of 3rd decl. adj. of 2 terminations look like facilis, facile:

– nom. sg. masc. & nom. sg. fem. end in –is

– nom. sg. neut. ends in –e

• e.g.:

– brevis, breve: short– fortis, forte: brave

• masc. & fem. forms are the same for 2 term. adj.

Declining 3rd Decl. Adj. of 2 Terminationsfacilis, facile

MASCULINE/FEMININE NEUTERSingular

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Plural

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Declining 3rd Decl. Adj. of 2 Terminationsfacilis, facile

MASCULINE/FEMININE NEUTERSingular

Nom. facilis facileGen. facilis facilisDat. facilī facilīAcc. facilem facileAbl. facilī facilī

Plural

Nom. facilēs faciliaGen. facilium faciliumDat. facilibus facilibusAcc. facilēs faciliaAbl. facilibus facilibus

1 Termination Adj.• the dictionary entries of 3rd decl. adj. of 1 termination

look like potēns, potentis:– nom. sg. masc. & nom. sg. fem. & nom. sg. neut. are all the

same (but there is no one set ending)

– 2nd form listed is the gen. sg. form (b/c you cannot find the stem from any nominative form)

• e.g.: – audāx, audācis: bold, daring

• masc. & fem. forms are the same for 1 term. adj.

Declining 3rd Decl. Adj. of 1 Terminationpotēns, potentis

MASCULINE/FEMININE NEUTERSingular

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Plural

Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Declining 3rd Decl. Adj. of 1 Terminationpotēns, potentis

MASCULINE/FEMININE NEUTERSingular

Nom. potēns potēnsGen. potentis potentisDat. potentī potentīAcc. potentem potēnsAbl. potentī potentī

Plural

Nom. potentēs potentiaGen. potentium potentiumDat. potentibus potentibusAcc. potentēs potentiaAbl. potentibus potentibus

Ablative of Accompaniment

Ablative of Accompaniment• Latin expresses the idea of accompaniment with the

preposition cum and a noun in the ablative case.

• this is generally a word denoting a person or group of people

• abl. of accompaniment = cum + abl.

• e.g.– Puella cum matre ad urbem ambulat.

– Miser cum miserā in urbe est.

Cavēte! Ablatives w/ “with/cum”• there are several uses of the abl. that are translated with

“cum/with” – be careful not to confuse the abl. of means, manner, and accompaniment

• Mīlitēs oppidum cum sociīs oppugnāvērunt.– Accompaniment: The soldiers attacked the town with the allies.

• Mīlitēs oppidum cum audāciā oppugnāvērunt.– Manner: The soldiers attacked the town with boldness.

• Mīlitēs oppidum telīs oppugnāvērunt.

– Means: The soldiers attacked the town with weapons.