jewish book and illumination in late medieval portugal · o primeiro livro impresso em portugal foi...
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A relação entre os judeus e os inícios das oficinas tipográficas em Portugal encontra-se
bem documentada. O primeiro livro impresso em Portugal foi um Pentateuco
hebraico, dado ao prelo em Faro, no dia 30 de Junho de 1487, antecedendo a edição
em Chaves do primeiro incunábulo em língua portuguesa (Tratado de Confissom, 1489).
A este pioneirismo soma-se o volume de edições hebraicas portuguesas, pois quase
metade dos incunábulos lusos corresponde a edições hebraicas (treze livros em trinta).
As oficinas tipográficas judaicas portuguesas estiveram ativas nas cidades de Faro,
Leiria e Lisboa: em Faro imprimiram-se três incunábulos, um em 1487 e dois em 1496;
em Leiria imprimiram-se quatro, entre 1494 e 1497; e em Lisboa imprimiram-se seis
incunábulos, entre 1489 e 1492.
Além do hebraico, os judeus portugueses também imprimiram obras em latim e
castelhano, nomeadamente o célebre Almanaque Perpétuo de Abraão Zacuto, impresso
em Leiria em 1496, cujas tabelas de declinação do sol foram muito importantes para a
navegação astronómica em alto-mar, permitindo determinar a latitude.
The relationship between Jews and the beginnings of typographical workshops in
Portugal is well documented. The first book printed in Portugal was a Hebrew
Pentateuch, completed in Faro on June 30, 1487, preceding the edition of the first
incunabulum written in Portuguese (Tratado de Confissom, Chaves, 1489). To this
pioneering event is added the quantity of Portuguese Hebrew editions. Almost half of
the incunabula printed in Portugal are Hebrew editions (13 out of 30 books).
Portuguese Jewish typographic workshops were active in the cities of Faro, Leiria and
Lisbon: in Faro were printed three incunabula, one in 1487 and two in 1496; in Leiria
were printed four between 1494 and 1497; and in Lisbon were printed six incunabula
between 1489 and 1492.
In addition to Hebrew, Portuguese Jews also printed one book in Latin and Castilian,
the famous Perpetual Almanach of Abraham Zacuto, printed in Leiria in 1496, whose
sun declination tables of the sun were very important for astronomical navigation in
the high seas by determining the latitude.
1 IEM-FCSH; 2 CEC-FLUL; 3 ARTIS-FLUL; 4 CESAB- FLUL; 5 CHUL; 6 Hebrew University (Jerus.)
Left: Commentary to the Pentateuch, by Nahmanides (Moses ben Nahman, 1194-1270). Printed by Elieser Toledano, Lisbon, 1489. Lisbon,
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, INC. 551, p. 328.
Middle: Jacob ben Asher, Tur Orah Hayyim (Way of Life). Printed by Samuel d’Ortas and sons, Leiria, 2 June 1495. Jerusalem, The National &
University Library of Israel, MS Hebr. 53. The animals on the frame might allude to the text: “Be as bold as a leopard, swift as an eagle, fleet as a deer,
and strong as a lion.”
Right: Hebrew Bible from the “Lisbon School”. Beginning of the Book of Joshua. Copied c.1490, most likely in Lisbon. New York, Hispanic
Society of America / Metropolitan Museum of New York, MS B 241, ff. 160r.
Almanach Perpetuum, by Abraham Zacuto. Leiria, 1496. Printed
by Abraham d’Ortas, Leiria, 1496. Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional
de Portugal, INC. 187, pp. 1, 21.
Printed Bible. Former Prophets, with commentaries by David Qimhi
(1160-1235) and Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson, 1288-1344). Printed by
Samuel d'Ortas and sons, Leiria, 1494. Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional de
Portugal, INC. 1415, pp. 1, 160.
Printed Bible. Isaiah and Jeremiah, with commentaries by David
Qimhi (1160-1235). Printed by Elieser Toledano, Lisbon, 1492.
Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, INC. 1413, pp. 1-2.
Hebrew illumination in Portugal
during the 15th century
Jewish Book and Illumination in Late Medieval Portugal Exhibition coordinators: Luís Urbano Afonso and Adelaide Miranda
Adelaide Miranda1
Aires A. Nascimento2
António Ramalho2
Catarina F. Barreira1
Catarina Tibúrcio1
Débora Matos3
Paula Cardoso1
Paulo F. Alberto2
Paulo M. Pinto4
Shalom Sabar6
Susana R. Bastos4
Tiago Moita3
João C. Oliveira4
José A. Ramos5
Luís C. Ribeiro1
Luís U. Afonso3
Maria A. Tavares4
Miguel M. Seixas1
Talmud. Treatise on Divorce with a
commentary by Rashi (Salomon ben Isaac,
1040-1105). Printed by Samuel Porteiro,
Faro, 1496. Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional de
Portugal, INC. 1412 (single page).
Hebrew printing presses in Sefarad: locations and date of first
printing.
Illuminated page from the first volume of the “Lisbon Bible”.
The red background frame with golden foliage and flowers is
very similar to the engraving used on the incunabulum at the left.
Copied in 1482, in Lisbon, by Samuel ibn Musa. London, British
Library, MS Or. 2626, f. 3r.
David Abudraham, Perush ha-Berakhot ve-ha-
Tefillot (Commentary on the benedictions
and the prayers). Printed by Elieser
Toledano, Lisbon, 25 Novembro 1489. St.
Petersburg, Library of the Russian
Academy of Sciences.
Animals in the frame include lions, bulls,
bears, dogs, deers, birds, unicorns, and
dragons.
4. O Livro Hebraico Impresso 4. The Printed Hebrew Book
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