jupiter and europa saturn enceladus professor geoff marcy department of astronomy

Jupiter and Europa

Saturn

Enceladus

Professor Geoff MarcyDepartment of Astronomy

Astronomy C12, Earth & Planetary Science C12, Letters & Science C70

The Planets

Saturn’s Moon, Dione

Saturn & Ring

Prof. Geoff Marcy

Office Hours:Hearst Field Annex

room B26Wed @ 1pm, Fri @ 11am

Textbook and Homework:The Cosmic Perspective

Special IssueBennett et al. (2014)

All Homework is online in MasteringAstronomy

1. Buy book at bookstore with its attached “MasteringAstronomy kit”

2. Homework is online: MasteringAstronomy: www.pearsonmastering.com

Register: Course ID: marcy67636 (for Fall 2014)

marcy67636

marcy67636 (for Fall 2014)

Homework

HW in MasteringAstronomy due every Friday at 6pm

Due Next Week, Friday Sept 5:• Read Chapters 1 and 2 “Our place in the Universe “ & “Discovering the Sky”

• Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Assignments in MasteringAstronomy -5% for each wrong try (but you can try again). -1/N for each wrong try in Multiple Choice (N Questions) -3% for using a hint.

Description of Course

• Our Home: The Solar System. Sun, planets, comets & asteroids The physics, chemistry, geology, and experiments and reasoning that allowed humanity to understand our Solar System.• Observations and Space missions.• Learn physical and chemical processes that formed and continue to shape the Solar System: Past, Present and Future.

Intended for Non-Science Majors (light on math)Objectives of Course• Learn the process of careful thinking and reasoning• Work with others: group reasoning• Learn to estimate answers with a factor of 2

Basic Science Components:• Atoms, Molecules, Energy, Forces, Light• How to calculate quantities: very large numbers and small numbers

Astronomy C12Earth and Planetary Science C12

Letters & Science C70T

Same Course Sign up for any of these...

What if you are on the waitlist??? Everyone will get in.

Instructor: Professor Geoff Marcy Office Hours: Wed 1pm & Fri 11am Hearst Field Annex: Bldg B, Room 103 gmarcy@berkeley.edu

GSIs: Beth McBride – bethmcbride@berkeley.edu Kyle Fricke – kwf@berkeley.edu Kaylan Burleigh -- kaylanb@berkeley.edu Chris Gebhart – contactcgebhart@gmail.com

12 Discussion Sections 1 hr each (All start next week.) Review, Clarification, Homework Help. Observing Projects

12 Discussion Sections • 1 hour: All start next week (Sept. 2-4).• Lecture Review & Clarification; Homework Help.

• Go to any one of these (optional): 101 Wed 9-10A, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 102 Wed 1-2P, 264 Evans Hall: Kaylan Burleigh 103 Wed 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Beth McBride 104 Wed 3-4P, 106 Wheeler: Kaylan Burleigh 105 Th 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Kaylan Burleigh 106 Tu 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 107 Th 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Beth McBride 108 Tu 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 109 Tu 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: Kyle Fricke 110 Th 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: Kyle Fircke 111 W 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 112 Wed 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: Kaylan Burleigh

The Astronomy Learning Center:TALC

- Every Thursday Evening 7:30 – 9:30pm - Hearst Field Annex, Room B1

- Work on homework with others in the class. - Collaborate on homework!

For Fall 2014

Homework: 20% of grade – Due every Friday 6pm – 20% reduction for every day late! Starts next week (due Friday, Sept. 5 at 6pm)

It is OK (and great) to work with others. It is *not* OK to copy.

Homework is graded automatically, online.

Exams: Midterm 1 25% Sept. 30 (Tue)

Midterm 2 25% Nov 4 (Tue)Final 25% Dec 18 (Thu) 11:30am-2:30pm - Emphasis on conceptual understanding (no calculators needed)

- Covers: Lectures, Reading, Homework, Observation projects

Observing Projects: 5% of grade Two Projects to be announced.

Grading

Final Grade: Absolute Scale. A = 90-100, B=80-90, C=70-80, D=60-70, F = 0-59.

UC Berkeley Honor Code

Course syllabus

Course syllabus (cont.)

Lectures Captured:

• Audio will be recorded, along with the projection (slides, movies) on the screen. https://calcentral.berkeley.edu http://www.youtube.com/ucberkeley http://itunes.berkeley.edu/ http://webcast.berkeley.edu) 

• The PDF files of all slides lecture will be available on MasteringAstronomy www.pearsonmastering.com

Lectures:WARNING: Research shows that students with laptops out during lecture get one full letter grade LOWER than students without laptops or cell phones.

Observing Projects

B) Sketch where the Sun sets, relative to buildings, this thu, fri, or sat. Wait 4-10 days. Sketch where the Sun sets again. Turn in both sketches, with time and date of observation. Write three sentences about any change in the position of sunset. Did it change? What direction? By how many degrees (approx.)? (The sun has an angular size of 0.5 degrees in diameter.)

Due in class, Thursday Sept. 61 page maximum; Handwritten is fine.

A) Chart the position and shape of the moon. Sketch where the moon is located relative to nearby buildings. Also sketch the shape of the moon. Mark which direction is south. Note the time and day on the sketch. Wait 2-5 days, and do it again. (Hint: the moon is up now from 3pm-10pm.) Turn in both sketches, with time and date of observation. Write three to four sentences about any change you saw in the position or shape.

Observing Projects: To be described later in course…

Mark your calendars for these observing times: October 8 at 3:27 – 4:22 am: Lunar Eclipse October 23 at 1:53 – 4:29 pm: Partial Solar Eclipse

Our Solar System• The Sun• Planets orbiting:

- Gravity attracts them

to Sun

• Moons orbit planets

• Asteroids • Comets

• Dust

Orbits are to scale.Planets are too big.

Inner Solar System

MercuryVenus

Neptune

UranusSaturn

Jupiter

MarsEarth

The AtomMicroscopic “building block” of

all normal material

Hydrogen: 1 proton 1 electron

Oxygen: 8 protons + 8 neutrons in nucleus 8 electrons

Atoms consist of a cloud of electrons and a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Electric forces between electrons (-) and protons (+) hold atoms together.

Protons and neutrons are held to each other by the strong force.

Hydrogen: 1 proton 1 electron

What are protons and neutrons made of?

A protons consist of three quarks.

Quarks’ properties were important when matter forms after the Big Bang.

Laws of Science: Universal

100,000 Light Years

200 Billion Stars

Your Home:

The Milky Way Galaxy

You Are Here

Galaxy:• Billions of stars in space• Held together by gravity• Orbiting a common center

A Spiral Galaxy200 Billions Stars

Why is it spiral? What are the red blobs?

Messier 33

The Universe:All matter and energy:

Everything

100’s of Billions ofGalaxies

A large, hot ball of gas

that generates heat and light through nuclear reactions

Star:

Our Sun:An Average StarA Cluster of Stars

Why are stars different colors ?

Planet:A spherical object that orbits a star. • Too small to ignite nuclear reactions.• Shine mostly by reflected light. Planets may be rocky, icy, or gaseous in composition.

Rocky Planet Terrestrial planets

H & He Gas and WaterGiant planets

Moon:An object that orbits a planet

Callisto:Moon of Jupiter

Tethys:Moon of Saturn

Asteroid A small (kilometer), rocky

object that orbits a star

Gaspra Eros

Why are their shapes so irregular ?

Comet: A Dirty Snowball

orbiting a star

How do we know comets are ice?What are comets made of?

What is the tail doing?

Nucleus

Meteorites

Stony

Iron

From Planet Mantles

From Planet Cores

Interactive Quiz

Which of the following contains

the largest number of carbon atoms ?

>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<

A. Our Milky Way GalaxyB. Our Solar SystemC. The SunD. All the diamonds on Earth

Interactive Quiz

Which of the following contains

the largest number of carbon atoms ?

>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<

A. Our Milky Way GalaxyB. Our Solar SystemC. The SunD. All the diamonds on Earth

Mercury

• Similar to Earth’s moon: geologically dead, record of large impacts

• Why huge faults?

• MESSENGER spacecraft

• Huge iron core: liquid or solid?

Surface fault line

Lots of craters, surface must be old.

Interactive Quiz

Is it hotter or colder on Mercury than it is on Earth?

>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<

A. HotterB. ColderC. Same as on Earth

Interactive Quiz

Is it hotter or colder on Mercury than it is on Earth?

A. Hotter on day sideB. Colder on night side (no atmosphere)

Messenger Mission to Mercury•08.02.04 Launch•07.29.05 Earth Flyby•10.23.06 Venus Flyby 1•06.04.07 Venus Flyby 2•01.14.08 Mercury Flyby 1•10.06.08 Mercury Flyby 2•09.29.09 Mercury Flyby 3•03.18.11: Enter Mercury Orbit

Messenger launch in 2004

Messenger assembly

Measure magnetic field, study how the liquid iron freezes.

Venus

• Sulfuric acid clouds H2SO4

• Surface temperature 470 C

(lead melts!)• Volcanoes• Faults• Mountains

• Why so hot?

Why is there life on Earth?

Are there other HospitablePlanets in theSolar System?

Why is there a thin layer of water?

Why Plate tectonics?

Earth has many unique features

Volcanism

Earth

Io

Enceladus

subduction

HEAT

CO2

CO2

[CO2 + Ca CaCO3]

The Carbon Cycle

Mars

• Huge valleys (Valles Marineris)

• Huge volcanoes (Olympus Mons)

• Most geological activity in the

Why?

Olympus Mons (tallest volcano in solar system)

Water on Mars: Sufficient to sustain life?

Liquid water cannot exist now: only ice and vapor

Seasonal polar ice caps: winter summer

Water on Mars: There once was liquid water.

For how long?

Sedimentary rock

River system formed by running water

Craters shows signs of erosion

Jupiter and Two Moons

Io Europa

Jupiter’s Moon: Europa

Sub-CrustOcean

.

EuropaSurface covered with iceLots of geological surface featuresbut no impact craters!

Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn

on July 1, 2004

TitanSaturn’s Largest Moon

Hazy atmosphere made of N2, CH4, C2H6. Very cold – only 93K.

View from probe descending through Titan’s atmosphere

“Rocks” made of ice on the surface of Titan photographed by Huygens lander

Uranus

• Why so smooth ?• Why blue?• Why so different

from Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, and other planets?

• Why do we pronounce it: Yur a nus ?

Neptune

• Similar to Uranus• Thick atmosphere• Rock Core• Water surrounding core.

How could you discoverwhat Neptune is made of?

• Large Moon: Triton• Eruptions on Triton. Why?

What’s erupting?

Triton -

Neptune’s large moon.

Pluto& Moon: Charon

9th Planet

“Dwarf Planet “Pluto is one of many large, icy “Kuiper Belt Objects”

far from Sun

Interactive Quiz

Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system. What fraction of the mass of all planetsin our solar system does Jupiter have? (Hint: See Table)

A. 12%B. 25%C. 72%D. 95%

>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<

Jupiter is the biggest of all 8 planets in our solar system.

What mass fraction does Jupiter contribute?

Interactive Quiz

A. 12%B. 25%C. 72%D. 95%

MJ / ( MJ + MS + MU + MN + …) = 318 / (318+95+14.5+17.1) = 72%See table 7.1 on page 213

Exoplanets:Planetary Systems Around Other Stars

Triple Planet SystemUpsilon Andromedae

Artist’s Rendering

GJ 436 bThe firstNeptune-Size planetaround another star

Dr. Debra Fischer

Planet Hunter

For this course, the lectures on exoplanets will be given by Prof. Geoff Marcy

(Week 9, March 13 & 15)

Spectrum of Star:

Doppler Effect

Processes that shape planets:

Why are there planets?Why so many different types of planets?

How do planets evolve?

We can use physics and chemistry to answer these questions (or at least

formulate hypotheses)

5 min. after Impact

Impacts

Protoplanetary Disks of Gas & Dust

Theory ofPlanet Formation:

Dust Grows pebbles/rocks

Gas Acquired

Formation of Planetary Systems:

End Lecture 1

Course material: bcourses.berkeley.edu

• Syllabus

• Lecture slides

• Assignments: reading, homework, observing projects

• Course information