kevin fort, andrew walker dept. of viticulture and enology ... 2014.pdf · bettiga. 2003. wine...

Water Efficiency of Rootstocks: Soil and Pest Interactions

Kevin Fort, Andrew Walker Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis

Photo: Mark Battany

The urban response to drought stress

Where do we begin? What do we already know about water use?

The VERY tight relationship between available water and yield

Grimes and Williams 1990

But is it really so simple? Complicating factors appear very quickly

O’Toole & Hsiao 1982

The complication of defining drought

Photo: Mark Battany

low input low storage variable intensity

Even detecting drought resistance can be a problem

Easlon and Richards. 2009.

The impact of roots

Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?

Williams. 2010.

Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?

Williams. 2010.

Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?

McCarthy et al. 1997.

Impacts on water use in a dry environment

Rootstock / nematode

interactions

The importance of pest resistance in water use efficiency

Effect of rootstocks...from a nematode-infested...vineyard. McCarthy & Cirami. 1990.

dry farmed, shallow sand on dense clay

Pest susceptibility = drought susceptibility

McCarthy & Cirami. 1990.

Planning for nematode resistance, to increase water use efficiency

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California “strain specific”

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5

*stable resistance at high temps *are dagger nematode resistant

*better lesion and citrus nematode resistance

*GRN1 also resists ring nematode

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5

1616C & Freedom:

aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5

1616C & Freedom:

aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness

Ramsey:

very good (but vigor issues)

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5

1616C & Freedom:

aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness

Ramsey:

very good (but vigor issues)

Dog Ridge

good (but vigor and propagation issues)

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB

1103P

not very resistant, but outgrows damage

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB

1103P

not very resistant, but outgrows damage

Riparia Gloire

now considered to have medium-high resistance (as good as 101-14, and

maybe even better)

An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations

Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California

BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB

1103P

not very resistant, but outgrows damage

Riparia Gloire

now considered to have medium-high resistance

The remaining “lows”:

still low

Rootstock / salinity interactions

Photo: Mark Battany

Why salt matters in water use efficiency osmotic effect

toxic effect

Pure water

Membrane

Salt

The problems yield reduction

quality reduction

Maas. 1993.

More problems yield reduction

quality reduction accurate phenotyping

Col 1 vs Col 2

% Necrosis + Leaf Loss, 55-57 days (8 wks) (pooled total individuals, +/- 1 stdev)

% to

tal s

tem

leng

th

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

RamseyRiparia

ThompsonFr Colombard

Where we started... troubleshooting the phenotype

A workable assay Derived from a root study

“Magic” ingredients: fritted clay, herbaceous cuttings

Taxonomically “wide” screening: Claire Heinitz

Super-excluders and hyper-accumulators

The current assay higher throughput

less space better data

The current assay

A parallel assay: season-long and

grafted

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru

*when assayed as chloride exclusion

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks BEST SALT TOLERANCE:*

140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Vitis acerifolia Vitis arizonica

Vitis doaniana may be even better

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?

Vitis girdiana Vitis longii

Vitis arizonica

Excellent: Schwarzmann

St. George

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE: 140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?

Vitis girdiana Vitis longii

Vitis arizonica

Excellent: Schwarzmann

St. George

But note the mediocre to poor nematode resistance

of these stocks

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?

Vitis girdiana Vitis longii

Vitis arizonica

Excellent: Schwarzmann

St. George

(currently under examination...)

Intermediate???????

110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?

Vitis girdiana Vitis longii

Vitis arizonica

Excellent: Schwarzmann

St. George

Intermediate??????? 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more

Low end of

intermediate: Ramsey

(Salt Creek)

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?

Vitis girdiana Vitis longii

Vitis arizonica

Excellent: Schwarzmann

St. George

Intermediate??????? 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more

Low end of intermediate:

Ramsey (Salt Creek)

Poor:

Own-rooted V. vinifera

An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks

BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru

NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?

Vitis girdiana Vitis longii

Vitis arizonica

Excellent: Schwarzmann

St. George

Intermediate??????? 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire,

many more

Low end of intermediate: Ramsey

(Salt Creek)

Poor: Own-rooted V. vinifera

Terrible:

44-53 (a “hyperaccumulator”)

Can we breed for more drought

resistant roots?

Traditional “mass selection” theoretically possible practically impossible

Can we breed for higher water use

efficiency?

What trait(s) to breed for?

Can we breed for higher water use

efficiency?

“physiological trait selection”

Growth rate: slow growth,

small final leaf area

Phenology: short season

Root traits: depth (average angle),

root length density, root strength,

cavitation resistance, cavitation re-filling

Shoot traits: epicuticular wax,

osmotic adjustment

Root : shoot ratio

Pest / disease resistance

Can we breed for higher water use

efficiency?

“physiological trait selection”

Growth rate: slow growth,

small final leaf area

Phenology: short season

Root traits: depth (average angle),

root length density, root strength,

cavitation resistance, cavitation re-filling

Shoot traits: epicuticular wax,

osmotic adjustment

Root : shoot ratio

Pest / disease resistance

A whirlwind tour of root phenotyping in the Walker lab

Root angle capture

Rice Uga et al. 2011.

Adventitious roots from herbaceous cuttings

Riparia Ramsey

Rooting angles from 1- and 2-season field-grown vines

Hydroponic characterizations

Single root analyses

Potted vine root architecture well-watered and drought/salt stressed

Rhizotrons: Joaquin Fraga well-watered and drought stressed dynamic, non-destructive analysis

1. root : shoot ratios 2. root architecture 2. carbohydrate storage 3. performance

New and improved field studies

Descriptive and functional root biology

thanks to…

• E&J Gallo Winery • The California Grape Rootstock Improvement

Commission • California Grapevine Rootstock Research

Foundation • CDFA Improvement Advisory Board • California Table Grape Commission • American Vineyard Foundation • Louis P. Martini Endowed Chair funds