kingdom fungi

Kingdom Fungi• Eukaryotes• Cell wall made of chitin, a carbohydrate (same compound as exoskeleton of insects!!!!!)• Most multicellular: mushrooms, molds• Some unicellular: yeasts• Heterotrophs: - decomposers

- some parasites• Body made is made of filaments called hyphae• Reproduce using spores

Characteristics of Fungi• The body of a fungus is called a mycelium --a matt of thin,

tangled threads. • The individual thread like strands of cells are called hyphae. • Cell wall made of chitin a carbohydrate (same compound as

exoskeleton of insects!!!!!)

Hyphae are one cell thick but many cells long

Reproduction- Mushrooms

reproduce using spores

- Spores are small reproductive cells released from the gills

- Mushrooms can also reproduce when hyphae break off and grow on their own

Most fungi are decomposers. Break down organic material like dead

animals, plants, etc.They feed by releasing digestive enzymes

that break down organic compounds. The cells (hyphae) then absorb the digested compounds.

Some are parasites: Feed on other living organisms

• Athlete’s foot• Candida albicans (vaginal and mouth

yeast infections)

• Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot)

• Candida albicans (yeast infection)

• Usually kept in check by competition with bacteria. This balance can be upset by antibiotics that kill the bacteria

Useful FungiSome Fungi produce antibiotics- Penicillium notatum makes Penicillin (antibiotic)- Grows naturally in some fruits -oranges

Fungi used to make cheese: Blue Cheese: Penicillium roquefortii is used to

make blue cheeses: Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton, etc.

The blue ‘stuff’ are spores: You eat millions in one bite!

Yeast: used to make bread, wine, beer- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baking). Unicellular- Yeasts use sugars as a source of energy during

respiration.- Their waste products are CO2 and alcohol

Lichens• Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a

photosynthetic organism:-Algae (Protista) or Cyanobacteria (Eubacteria)

What lichens are really made of

Some mushrooms contain deadly toxins. Don’t touch unknown mushrooms! Hallucinogens in some (high doses deadly)Some poisonous Ohio mushrooms:

Importance of fungi to humans-- Diseases—e.g., yeast infections

with Candida cause thrush--Food spoilage—zygomycete bread

molds; ergot molds on wet grains (source of LSD; likely cause of witch hunts in Salem, MA/Europe) cause hallucinations.

--Plant pathogens like molds, smuts, rustsspecial hyphae to invade living plant tissue are called haustoria.

++Mychorrhizae allow more robust plant growth

++Succession restores soil (as after volcano erupts)

++Primary decomposers on land

++Food sources –mushrooms

++Fermentation of alcoholic beverages (alcoholic fermentation by yeasts)

The cellulase enzyme allows fungi to act as a decomposer, essential in every food web. The outer ring on this food web diagram shows how

decomposers link all levels of the food web.

Fossils of fungi are rare because…

a. their l

ate appearance

..

b. their l

ack of s

pecies d

i...

c. th

eir compositi

on of s...

d. their a

bility to

form

p...

0% 0%0%0%

a. their late appearance on the Geologic Time Scale

b. their lack of species diversity

c. their composition of soft materials

d. their ability to form protective spores

All fungi

make

their f

oo...

produce m

ushro...

absorb th

eir f...

have chlorophy..

.

0% 0%0%0%

a. make their food.b. produce

mushrooms.c. absorb their food.d. have chlorophyll.

Fungi do NOT

Carry out p

hotosynthesis.

digest food outsi

de thei...

grow on th

eir food so

urce.

d. abso

rb food th

rough ...

0% 0%0%0%

a. Carry out photosynthesis.

b. digest food outside their bodies.

c. grow on their food source.

d. absorb food through their cell walls.

Fungi resemble plants in that they both always

have stems.

are multice

llular.

grow fr

om the gr

ound.

d. have

cell w

alls.

0% 0%0%0%

a. have stems.b. are multicellular.c. grow from the

ground.d. have cell walls.

Stinkhorns, are mushrooms that mimic the odor of rotting meat. What do you think is the main mechanism or strategy used by this fungi to disperse its spores?

a. wind.

b. snow.

c. bird

s.

d. flies.

0% 0%0%0%

a. wind.b. snow.c. birds.d. flies.

Bread rises because fermentation by yeast produces

spores.

wate

r.

rhizo

ids.

carbon dioxide...

0% 0%0%0%

a. spores.b. water.c. rhizoids.d. carbon dioxide.

Which statement about Penicillium is correct

a. It pro

duces...

b. It ca

uses b...

c. It

is the s..

.

d. It ca

uses a...

0% 0%0%0%

a. It produces mushrooms.

b. It causes bread to rise.

c. It is the source of an antibiotic.

d. It causes athlete’s foot.

An important role of fungi in an ecosystem is

photosynthesis

...

makin

g alco

hol

breaking down ...

d. killi

ng bac...

0% 0%0%0%

a. photosynthesis.b. making alcoholc. breaking down

dead organisms.d. killing bacteria.

The breakdown of dead organisms is accelerated by the fungal production of

a. alco

hols.

b. dige

stive e...

c. acid

s.

d. recyc

led nu...

0% 0%0%0%

a. alcohols.b. digestive enzymes.c. acids.d. recycled nutrients.

The growth of yeasts in moist regions of the body is kept in check by competition from

antibiotics. ru

sts.

bacteria

.

d. mild

ews.

0% 0%0%0%

a. antibiotics.b. rusts.c. bacteria.d. mildews.

Which statement about lichens is correct?

a. They are not to

lerant ..

b. They c

annot m

ake the..

c. They g

row only in so

il.

d. They a

re composed of ..

0% 0%0%0%

a. They are not tolerant of harsh conditions.

b. They cannot make their own food.

c. They grow only in soil.d. They are composed

of an alga or a cyanobacterium and a fungus living together.