kingdom of fungi

KINGDOM KINGDOM FUNGIFUNGI

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Fungi are NOT plants

Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes

(live on dead organisms)

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Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies

Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host

Store food energy as glycogen

BREAD BREAD MOLDMOLD 33

Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment

Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast

Lack true roots, stems or leaves

MULTICELLULAMULTICELLULAR MUSHROOMR MUSHROOM

UNICELLULAR UNICELLULAR YEASTYEAST

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Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)

Body is called the Thallus Grow as microscopic

tubes or filaments called hyphae

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Some fungi are internal or external parasites

A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms

Predaceous Predaceous Fungi feeding Fungi feeding

on a on a NematodeNematode

(roundworm)(roundworm)66

Some are edible, while others are poisonous

EDIBLEEDIBLE POISONOUSPOISONOUS 77

Produce both sexual and asexual spores

Classified by their sexual reproductive structures

Spores come Spores come in various in various

shapesshapes88

Grow best in warm, moist environments

Mycology is the study of fungi

Mycologists study fungi A fungicide is a chemical

used to kill fungiFungicide Fungicide kills leaf kills leaf fungusfungus

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Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds

The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold

Penicillium moldPenicillium mold

PuffballPuffball 1010

Vegetative StructuresVegetative Structures

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TubularTubular shape ONEONE continuous

cell Filled with

cytoplasm & nucleicytoplasm & nuclei MultinucleateMultinucleate Hard cell wall of

chitinchitin also in insect exoskeletons

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StolonsStolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other

RhizoidsRhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus

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STOLOSTOLONN

RHIZOIDSRHIZOIDS

ABSORPTIVE ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHHETEROTROPH

Fungi get carbon from organic sources Tips of Hyphae release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae

Digested material is then used by the hypha

Nucleus “directs” the digestive process

REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESREPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESSEXUAL & ASEXUAL SPORESSEXUAL & ASEXUAL SPORES

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REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

Most fungi reproduce AsexuallyAsexually and SexuallySexually by spores

ASEXUAL reproduction is most most common common method & produces genetically identical genetically identical organisms

Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients conditions are poor & nutrients scarcescarce

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SPORESSPORES Spores are an adaptationadaptation to life on

land Ensure that the species will species will

disperse to new locationsdisperse to new locations Each spore contains a reproductive reproductive

cellcell that forms a new organism NonmotileNonmotile Dispersed by windwind

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Used when Used when

environmental environmental conditions are poor conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)space, moisture…)

No male or female fungiNo male or female fungi Some fungi show Some fungi show

dimorphismdimorphism May grow as May grow as MYCELIA MYCELIA

or aor a YEAST –LIKE YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at state (Filament at 2525ooC & Round at 37C & Round at 37ooC)C)

1818Dimorphic FungiDimorphic Fungi

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Haploid 1n hyphae 1n hyphae from 2 mating 2 mating

types (+ and -) FUSE types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)(Fertilization) Forms aForms a hyphae with hyphae with 2 nuclei that 2 nuclei that

becomes a ZYGOTEbecomes a ZYGOTE The zygote divides to make a The zygote divides to make a

SPORESPORE

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++ --

SPORE SPORE FORMSFORMS

THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

FragmentationFragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own

BuddingBudding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size Used by yeasts Used by yeasts

Asexual spores Asexual spores – production of spores – production of spores by a single myceliumby a single mycelium

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Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia On Fruiting bodies

Amanita fruiting body Pilobolus sporangia

Penicillium hyphae

Fruiting Bodies Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexualasexual spores

An upright stalk called the SporangiosphoreSporangiosphore supports the spore case or SporangiumSporangium

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Types of Types of Fruiting Fruiting Bodies:Bodies: BasidiaBasidia SporangiaSporangia AscusAscus

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BasidiaBasidia

SporangiaSporangia

Mycelia have a huge surface area More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food

mycelium

Germinating spore

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Fungi are classified by their REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES andand SPORESSPORES

The reproductive structures are: BASIDIA - BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA SPORANGIA - SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIAZYGOSPORANGIA ASCUS - ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA

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SaprobesSaprobes Decomposers Molds, mushrooms, etc.

ParasitesParasites Harm host Rusts and smuts (attack plants)

MutualistsMutualists Both benefit Lichens Mycorrhizas

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MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI

Basidiomycota Basidiomycota – – Club Fungi ZygomycotaZygomycota – – Bread Molds Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota – – Chytrids AM Fungi AM Fungi - - Mycorrhizas Ascomycota Ascomycota – – Sac Fungi Lichens Lichens – – Symbiosis (algae &

Fungi)

Called Club fungi Includes:

MushroomsMushrooms ToadstoolsToadstools Bracket & Shelf fungiBracket & Shelf fungi PuffballsPuffballs StinkhornsStinkhorns Rusts and smutsRusts and smuts

Some are used as food (mushrooms)(mushrooms)

Others damage crops (rusts & (rusts & smuts) smuts)

Corn Corn SmutSmut

Soybean Soybean RustRust

Portobello Portobello MushroomsMushrooms

Called the sporangiumfungi

Commonly called molds Also includes blights Hyphae have no cross

walls (aseptate) Grow rapidly Includes bread mold

Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizopus on strawberries

Tomato BlightTomato Blight

Called chytridschytrids Produce motile motile

sporesspores Mostly saprobessaprobes

and parasitesparasites in aquatic habitats

Biodegrade and Biodegrade and recycle recycle nutrients

Chytrid that attacks Chytrid that attacks PotatoesPotatoes

MYCORRHIZASMYCORRHIZAS Fungus associated with plant rootsassociated with plant roots MutualismMutualism between:

FungusFungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)

PlantPlant (carbohydrate for fungus) Several kindskinds:

Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells

Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t penetrate cells

Extremely important ecologicallyExtremely important ecologically

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Called Sac fungiSac fungi Includes Cup fungi, morels, Cup fungi, morels,

truffles, yeasts, truffles, yeasts, and mildew mildew May be plant parasites (Dutch (Dutch

elm disease and Chestnut blight)elm disease and Chestnut blight) Reproduce sexually & asexually Ascus Ascus - sac that makes

ascosporesascospores in sexual reproduction

Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps Ascocarps contain the asci

TrufflesTruffles and morelsmorels are good examples of edible ascomycetes

Penicillium mold Penicillium mold makes the antibiotic penicillin.

Some ascomycetes also gives flavor to flavor to certain cheeses.cheeses.

Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevesiae cerevesiae (yeast) is used to make bread rise and to ferment beer & wine.

LICHENSLICHENS Mutualism

between: FungusFungus (structure) Algae or Algae or

cyanobacteria cyanobacteria (provides food)

Form a thallus (body) FolioseFoliose FruticoseFruticose CrustoseCrustose

LICHEN STRUCTURELICHEN STRUCTURE

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LICHENS AS BIOMONITORSLICHENS AS BIOMONITORS Thalli act like spongesact like sponges Some species more sensitivesensitive

than others to pollutantsto pollutants Which species are present can

indicate air qualityair quality Most resistant species can also

be analyzed for pollutantspollutants

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Ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers and symbionts: decompose food, wood and even plastics!

Some fungi are pathogens e.g. athlete’s foot, ringworm etc.: Plants particularly susceptible (e.g. Dutch elm disease) Ergot - affects cereal crops: causes gangrene,

hallucinations and “St. Anthony’s fire” Many animals, including humans, eat fungi:

In US, mushroom consumption restricted to Agaricus We eat a range of cultivated and wild mushrooms Truffles are underground ascocarps of mycelia that are

mycorrhizal on tree roots

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