kingdoms and classification. species of organisms there are 13 billion known species of...

Kingdoms and Classification

Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms

• There are There are 13 billion13 billion known species of known species of organismsorganisms

• This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!

• New organismsNew organisms are still being found and are still being found and identifiedidentified

• Scientists have only been able to identify Scientists have only been able to identify and name a and name a FRACTIONFRACTION of all living things- of all living things-either current or extincteither current or extinct

• Classification is essential to help distinguish Classification is essential to help distinguish between the between the ALLALL the the DIFFERENTDIFFERENT types of types of living thingsliving things

What is What is Classification?Classification?

ClassificationClassification - arrangement of organisms - arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based on their based on their similaritiessimilaritiesClassification is also known as Classification is also known as taxonomytaxonomyTaxonomy Taxonomy is defined as the science of is defined as the science of grouping organisms according to their grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationshipspresumed natural relationshipsTaxonomists Taxonomists are scientists that identify & are scientists that identify & name organismsname organisms

Benefits of Benefits of ClassifyingClassifying

• Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms

• Uses Uses same language (Latin or some Greek)same language (Latin or some Greek)

for all namesfor all names

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus• Called theCalled the

“Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

• Developed the Developed the modern system modern system of naming of naming known asknown as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

• Two-wordTwo-word name name ((GGenus & enus & species)species)

Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

• Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused

• Genus speciesGenus species• Latin or GreekLatin or Greek• ItalicizedItalicized in printin print• Capitalize Capitalize

genusgenus, , but NOTbut NOT speciesspecies

• UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting

Canis lupus

Classification GroupsClassification Groups

• TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a category -plural) is a category into which related organisms are into which related organisms are placedplaced

• There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of groups of groups (taxa) from broadest to most (taxa) from broadest to most specificspecific

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Order, Family, Genus, speciesGenus, species

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum (Division – used for plants)• Class• Order• Family

• Genus• Species

BROADEST TAXONBROADEST TAXON

CladogramCladogram• Diagram showing how organisms Diagram showing how organisms

are related based on are related based on shared, shared, derived characteristicsderived characteristics such as such as feathers, hair, or scalesfeathers, hair, or scales

• Emphasizes not only each Emphasizes not only each organism’s organism’s common ancestrycommon ancestry or or historyhistory, but also its , but also its own distinct own distinct historyhistory

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

• Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same (same structure, different function)structure, different function)

• Similar Similar embryoembryo development development• Similarity in Similarity in DNA, RNADNA, RNA, or , or

amino acidamino acid sequence of sequence of ProteinsProteins

Homologous Structures show Similarities in Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals.mammals.

Kingdom Notes

Classification of Living Things

6 Kingdoms

All living organisms

Archaebacteria* Eubacteria* Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

* Used to be classified together in the Kingdom Monera

Organisms are organized into these kingdoms by their traits and

their evolutionary development

• Type and # of cells• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic• Single-celled or multi-cellular

• Characteristics of cells• Type of cell wall/membrane• Types of organelles they have

• How they get energy• Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Archaebacteria• Prokaryotes• Unicellular

(very simple cells)

• Heterotrophs• Live in extremely

harsh conditions(like Earth’s original

atmosphere)

Ex. Sulfolobus –thrive in the host sulfur springs of Yellowstone

Scientists theorize that these are similar to the bacteria that first evolved on Earth. They have fewer organelles than other bacteria.

Eubacteria• Prokaryotes• Unicellular

(more complex cells)

• Heterotrophs or Autotrophs(can be parasitic, decomposers, or

producers)

Ex. Clostridium- causes a form of food poisoning called Botulism

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were originally part of the same kingdom, called Monerans. After a lot of study on these organisms, scientists decided that there are enough differences between them to put them in separate kingdoms.

How bacteria affect humans

Harmful effects:• Parasites on humans, crops, animals (cause

diseases)• Decompose our food

Helpful effects:

• Used in industry – help make rope, leather, yogurt, cheese, etc…

• Decompose wastes in ecosystem

• Mutualistic relationship with humans – live on our skin to kill other attacking parasites, live in our intestines and help breakdown our waste

Protista

• Eukaryotes• Unicellular (few

multi-cellular algae)• Heterotrophs or

Autotrophs• Most Structurally Diverse

Plasmodium

Euglena

AmoebaDiatoms

Fungi• Eukaryotes• Mostly Multicellular• Hetertrophic• Important

Decomposers• Recycle Nutrients• Some are ParasiticExamples of Fungi:Mushrooms MoldsYeast Mildews

Yeast

Mold

Plant

•Eukaryotes•Multicellular•Autotrophic•Responsible

for all of life’s food

• Lack mobility• Cell wall made

of Cellulose

Divided into two major groups – Nonvascular and Vascular

Animalia• Eukaryotes• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Have mobility (except adult sponges)• No cell wall

Divided into two major groups – Invertebrate and Vertebrate

Ex. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds

There are 9 major phyla of animals:

1. Porifera1. Found only in water2. Body has holes for feeding3. Simplest phylum

2. Cnidarian1. Radial symmetry2. Have stinging tentacles

3. Platyhelminthes4. Nematodes 5. Annelids

6. Mollusks1. Soft body with tentacles2. May have a hard shell3. Has simple organ systems

Sponges

Stinging-celled (jellyfish, coral)

Flat worms (ie: tapeworms) –bilateral symmetry

Round worms (ie: hookworms and pinworms)

Segmented worms (ie: earthworm) –segmented body

Soft-bodied (clams, octopi…)

7. ArthropodaHave exoskeletonHave jointed appendagesLargest Phylum

8.Echinoderms1. Redial Symmetry2. Spiny skin3. Can regenerate

9.Chordates1. Internal skeleton2. Spinal cord

Includes all Insects, Crayfish, Lobsters, etc.

Sea Stars (starfish), Sea cucumbers, Sand dollars

All living things with a backbone…

Phylum Chordatadivided into 7 Classes:

1. Jawless fish (Agnatha)

2. Cartilage fish (Chondrichthyes)

3. Bony fish (Osteichthyes)

4. Amphibians (Amphibia)

5. Reptiles (Reptilia)

6. Birds (Aves)

7. Mammals (Mammalia)