knight’s tour algorithm
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KNIGHT’S TOURExplanation and
Algorithms
GROUP MEMBERS
Hassan Tariq (2008-EE-180)
Zair Hussain Wani (2008-EE-178)
Introduction
What is ‘Knight’s Tour’?
Chess problem involving a knight
Start on a random square
Visit each square exactly ONCE according to rules
Tour called closed, if ending square is same as the starting
Constraints
A closed knight’s tour is always possible on an
m x n chessboard, unless:
m and n are both odd, but not 1
m is either 1, 2 or 4
m = 3, and n is either 4, 6 or 8
m and n are both odd, but not 1
Knight moves either from black square to white, or vice versa
In closed tour knight visits even squares
If m and n are odd i.e. 3x3, total squares are odd so tour doesn`t exist
m = 1, 2, or 4; m and n are not both 1
for m = 1 or 2, knight will not be able to reach every square
for m = 4, the alternate pattern of white and black square is not followed so tour not closed
m = 3; n = 4, 6, or 8
Have to be verified for each case
For n > 8, existence of closed tours can be proved by induction
Algorithms
Neural Network Solutions
Warnsdorff’s Algorithm
Neural Network Solutions
Every move represented by neuron
Each neuron initialized to be active or inactive
( 1 or 0 )
Each neuron having state function initialized to 0
Neural Network Solutions (contd.)
Ut+1 (Ni,j) = Ut(Ni,j) +2 – Vt(N)
NG(Ni,j)
1 Ut+1(Ni,j) > 3 Vt+1(Ni,j) = 0 Ut+1(Ni,j) < 0
Vt(Ni,j) otherwise
Neural Network Solutions (contd.)
The network ALWAYS converge
Solution: Closed knight’s tour Series of two or more open tours
Warnsdorff's Algorithm
Heuristic Method Each move made
to the square from which no. of subsequent moves is least
Warnsdorff's Algorithm (contd.)
Set P to be a random initial position on the board
Mark the board at P with the move number "1" For each move number from 2 to the number of
squares on the board: Let S be the set of positions accessible from the input
position Set P to be the position in S with minimum
accessibility Mark the board at P with the current move number
Return the marked board – each square will be marked with the move number on which it is visited.
Comparison
NEURAL NETWORKS WARNSDORFF'S ALGORITHM
Complex algorithm (a lot of variables to be monitored)
Longer run-time NOT always gives a
complete tour
Simple algorithm Linear run-time Always gives a
CLOSED tour
Conclusion
WARNSDORFF’S ALGORITHM IS BETTER
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