l-1 css - solar photovoltaic pv as energy source (1) [compatibility mode]

Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and

Applications

Prof. C.S. SolankiDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering

chetanss@iitb.ac.in

Lecture-1

Solar PV for our Energy Needs

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 2

Contents

L1-

• Energy

• Energy Conversion processes

• Direct and indirect energy conversion

• World Energy scenario

•India Energy Scenario

• Renewable energy options

• Can solar PV supply all energy needs?

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 3

Energy

-Its capacity of a body to perform work

- it’s a driving force of change

-Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy,

chemical energy, nuclear, light etc.

Units of energy

•1 Calorie � unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one

gram of water one degree Celsius.

•1 Joule � ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g =

10 meter/s2

• 1 eV = Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff.

•1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E-19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kJ,

10E7 Ergs = 1 joule)

•BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV

Energy

L1-

Other Energy Units

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 4

• 1 kWh � 1 kW of load runs for one hour consumes

1kWh of energy

1kWh = ……J ??

• 1 ToE � Energy released from burning of 1 ton of oil of

given calorific value

= 42 GJ

1 ToE = 11634 kWh

ToE>KWh>BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 5

How much energy is required?

World Energy Scenario

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 6

How much energy is used?

250

300

350

400

450

500

1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004Year

Ex

a J

ou

les

Currently about 500 Exjoules = 138,000 TWh,

15.7 TW

1 Exa Joule = 1018 Joule

1 Tera = 1012

Worldwide consumption of primary energy, in 2005 it was 488 Exa-Joule

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 7

• Economic growth is primary force behind increase in

energy demand

•The Energy demand is projected to increase at the rate of

1.7% per year.

• World population in 2011 is 7 billion

What are the parameters that affects the energy requirements?

- Population growth

- GDP increase

Energy requirement is growing

World’s population in pre-industrial arena was about 1 billion

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 8

•Economic growth is primary driver for increase in energy demand

•Worldwide GDP is closely linked with amount of energy consumed

•Transport and electricity is directly related to growth

•World DGP growth of about 3.2% (1971 – 2030)

•Population growth, 1.65% (71-2000), 1% (2001-2030)

Effect of GDP on energy requirement

Ref: OECD/IEA, World Energy Outlook 2004

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 9

Human Development Index (HDI)

Ref: Livermore National Laboratory rep. no. UCRL-ID-140773 (October 2000)

Should we consume more energy ?

Question: Estimate the

today’s world

energy

requirement if

HDI of all country

is 0.8.6000 10,0002000

India

US

China

Germany

1.0

0.5

Annual Electricity Consumption (kWh) ����

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 10

Energy SourcesTypes of energy sources

Fossil energy: fossil fuel based sources Coal, Oil and Gas

Renewable Energy: Wind, solar radiation, biomass, etc.

Nuclear Energy: nuclear fuels, particularly Uranium

Gravitational energy: motion and gravitation between Sun, Earth and

Moon

Geothermal energy: Cooling of earth crust

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 11

•Primarily fossil fuels are used to

fulfill our energy requirements

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 12

World Primary Energy , 2002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Energy

(MToE)

coal oi

lga

s

nuclea

r

hydr

o

biom

ass

rene

wab

les

In 2002 the world’s primary energy consumption was 10345 MToE

23%

35%

21%

7%11%

2% 1%

Primary energy: Energy content of the fuel at source

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 13

World Energy Consumption

• About 57% growth by 2025 as compared to 2002

• Much of the growth in energy is in emerging economics (3.3%) as compared to 1.1% in the developed economics

L1-

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 14

Centralized Energy Generation

Primary Energy (coal, oil, gas)

Useful Energy (Distance traveled, cooked food)

Final Energy (Energy delivered to consumer)

Secondary Energy (Refined oil, electricity)

Energy Conversion facility (refineries, power plant)

Transmission and distribution system (Railway, trucks, pipeline)

Energy utilization equipments. (Automobile, motor, heater)

Energy Flow

L1-

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 15

Conventional Energy Sources:

How much is available?

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki16

Summary of fossil fuel reserves

Unit Current

reserves

Current

production

rate

Availability (

no. of years)

Oil Billion barrels

1047.7 26 40.2

Gas Trillion scf

5501.5 102.2 53.8

Coal Billions tons

984 4.8 205

1/5/2012 @ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki 17

Indian Energy Scenario

Proven reserves Current

consumption

84396 MT 359.1 MT

Oil: 2002

Proven reserves Current

consumption

700 MT 97.7 MT

Coal: 2002

Proven reserves Current

consumption

660 BCM 35.04 BCM

Gas: 2002

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 18

Energy security

• Oil accounts for about 34% of India’s primary energy consumption

• More than 85% of oil consumed in India is imported

• We have sufficient coal, but it is of low grade

• We need to import nuclear fuel

• Significant portion of hydro energy potential has been tapped

• We should look for alternative energy options

L1-

Indian Electricity Scenario

Fuel MW %age

Total Thermal 115649.48 65.34

Coal

96,743.38 54.66

Gas

17,706.35 10.00

Oil

1,199.75 0.67

Hydro (Renewable) 38,106.40 21.53

Nuclear 4,780.00 2.70

RES** (MNRE) 18,454.52 10.42

Total 1,76,990.40 100

•India’s total installed capacity as of March 2011,

•ref: ministry of power, www.powermin.nic.in

India’s Annual Electricity Generation

Capacity factor of a Power Plant

•Energy generated during a

time period

•Energy that plant would have

generated if operated with

100% capacity in same

duration

•Capacity factor =

•Sometime, it is also referred as plant Load Factor, ratio of

average load to the rated load of the plant

• Typical; capacity factor of Coal power plant is 0.8 to 0.9

For wind and solar power plant is 0.15 to 0.2

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 22

Limitations of Conventional sources

• Available in limited quantity (can not be renewed at the rate of consumption)

• Cause damage to environment

• Centralized energy source

• Energy security

• Can not readily provide power where needed (no direct conversion)

• Limited efficiency due to multi-step conversion

L1-

CO2 concentration in atmosphere

270

290

310

330

350

370

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Year

CO

2 c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

(p

pm

)

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 24

Alternative Energy Sources

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 25

Renewable Energy Options-1

L1-

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 26

Path of energy conversionsun light

optical concentration

high temperaturethermal energy

thermodynamic

engine

electricity generator

sun light

solar cell

electricity

sun light

wind energy

rotor

generator

electricity

L1-

• Energy

conversion

through solar

cell is simple

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 27

How much percentage of energy

requirement can be supplied by Solar PV

technology??

World Solar Radiation Map

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 28

• Annual solar energy density is in range of 1000 to 2500 kWh/m2/year

• India electricity consumption density is 0.35 kWh/m2/year

Available Solar Energy

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 29

• The solar radiation falling on earth surface is about 90 PW

or 90x1015 Watt

Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption

Solar 3,850,000 EJ

Wind 2,250 EJ

Biomass 3,000 EJ

Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ

Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ

• 1 EJ =1018 Joule

• A small area use on earth surface can fulfill our electricity requirements

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 30

•Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

• Solar PV modules of 10% efficiency covering 100 x 50 km2

in India will generate as much electricity as produced today

in the country

Conclusion

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 31

• Solar energy is huge potential to meet our energy

requirement

Let us understand now how to make use of solar energy

using solar PV technologies.

This course will provide you fundamentals of PV technology, the technology for fabrication of solar cells

and finally application of solar cells

1/5/2012 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 32

Thank you for your attention