land use conflicts a4 2
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LAND USE CONFLICTSJOANNA GOCAŁEK
Photo: Eimear Tynan
N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4
P A S S W O R DThe major threats for reindeer husbandry in Finnmark are mining activities, urban development and infrastructure. This is causing increased competition for land. For reindeer their grazing areas are gradually being lost. The investigation is to present interactions between different land uses and activities threatening reindeer grazing areas.
SAAMI REINDEERS IN NORWAY
SAAMI REINDEERS IN SWEEDEN
WILD REINDEERS IN NORWAY
SOURCES: 1/Johnny-Leo L.Jernsletten and Konstantin Klokov: Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry (2000 - 2002 A.C.)2/Staaland and Eikelmann (1993)3/Gaare (1997)
WILD REINDEERS GRAZING AREA
SAAMI REINDEER GRAZING AREA
INVESTIGATING GRAZING AREA
REINDEER MIGRATION IN N O R W A Y AND SWEDEN
Reindeer herding depends on the availability to grazing areas. In Norway, reindeer grazing area, it means area over 140 000 km2. Activities related to
reindeer herding is regulated since 2005 by “Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act” and managed by organizations with many administrative levels.
Herders themselves have traditionally organized the reindeer husbandry through “Siida-system” that can be understand as “working partnership” where individual rights for resources goes together with mutual help of the members in
Main challenge for national authorities, reindeer industry and all other users of the land is to find a solution to co-exist and to develop with possible lowest harm for the nature.
SAAMI REINDEERS IN NORWAY
SAAMI REINDEERS IN SWEEDEN
WILD REINDEERS IN NORWAY
SOURCES: 1/Johnny-Leo L.Jernsletten and Konstantin Klokov: Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry (2000 - 2002 A.C.)2/Staaland and Eikelmann (1993)3/Gaare (1997)
WILD REINDEERS GRAZING AREA
SAAMI REINDEER GRAZING AREA
INVESTIGATING GRAZING AREA
REINDEER MIGRATION IN N O R W A Y AND SWEDEN
Reindeer herding depends on the availability to grazing areas. In Norway, reindeer grazing area, it means area over 140 000 km2. Activities related to
reindeer herding is regulated since 2005 by “Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act” and managed by organizations with many administrative levels.
Herders themselves have traditionally organized the reindeer husbandry through “Siida-system” that can be understand as “working partnership” where individual rights for resources goes together with mutual help of the members in
Main challenge for national authorities, reindeer industry and all other users of the land is to find a solution to co-exist and to develop with possible lowest harm for the nature.
Reindeer migration as a phenomenon is survival strategy and a way of use of nature's resources. The most important reason is that access to food varies with the seasons, and external conditions can also cause problems, such as cold, dryness, heat or insects. According to that, reindeer need large and undisturbed area during the whole year. Movement patterns and routes have changed considerably because of urban, infrastructure and industrial development on the grazing land. Following the publication from 2004 “Inngrep in reinbeiteland” hudge area of Norway’s grazing pastures in Finnmark are lost due to exploitation, development and is disturbed by different activities on the grazing land such as tourism, vehicles, hydro-powers, wind powers, power lines and relevant.
MIGRATION ROUTE
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no
MIGRATION FROM WINTER TO SPRING & SUMMER PASTURES
REINDEER MIGRATION IN FINNMARK
MIGRATION ROUTE
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no
MIGRATION FROM SPRING & SUMMER PASTURES TO WINTER
L O S S O F P A S T U R E SINFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Problem that is commonly called as “loss of pastures” occurs in two different ways: physical destruction and reduction of use of the pasture. Pastures are lost or dramatically disturbed through: construction of buildings and fabrics that contains all kinds of additional infrastructure; hydro - electric power facilities, pipelines, mining, roads, power lines, wind powers, snowmobile tracks, tourist mountain cabins. While I look at the reindeer grazing area through reindeer eyes I would like to add to list of reasons of disturbance also fences that are used by herders to separate grazing areas and put them together with infrastructure that interrupt natural migration of animals and their needs.
Kautokeino
Alta Lakselv
Hammerfest
0 25 50 km
Vadso
Vardo
Kirkenes
INFRASTRUCTURE 1TRANSPORT, MAIN MOUNTAIN LODGES AND SETTLEMENT IN
FINNMARK
REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION
MOUNTAIN LODGE, CAMPING
AIRPORTS
MAIN SNOWMOBILE TRACKS
SETTLEMENT
ROADS
SOURCE: www.environment.no www.reindrift.no Northern Norway - Travel Guide 2013 NorgeApp - Snowmobiletruck
50 km
0 25
50 km
INFRASTRUCTURE 2POWER LINES, WIND POWER AND HYDRO POWER AS A REASON OF DISTURBANCE ON REINDEER
GRAZING AREAS
WINDPOWER
HYDROPOWER
TRANSFORMER STATION
POWER STATION
132 kV LINE
LESS THEN 132 kV LINE
POSSIBLE NEW 420 kV LINE
MAIN FENCES
RIVERS AND LAKES
REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no www.environment.no
GLASS/ CERAMICS/ PAINTSSIBELCO NORDIC
OIL & GASHammerfest LNG Snøhvit Perpetuum Waste Management, Polarbase
REINDEER PRODUCTSReinprodukter A.S
RECYCLINGFinnmark Gjenvinning
ENERGYFinnmark Miljøvarme Karasjok
ENERGYFINNMARK MILJØVARME LAKSELV
ENERGYMILJØVARME ALTA DAIRY PRODUCTSTINE MEIERIET ALTASAND DISTRIBUTION Finnmark Sand AS
0 25 50 km
GLASS/ CERAMICS/ PAINTSSIBELCO NORDIC
OIL & GASHammerfest LNG Snøhvit Perpetuum Waste Management, Polarbase
REINDEER PRODUCTSReinprodukter A.S
RECYCLINGFinnmark Gjenvinning
ENERGYFinnmark Miljøvarme Karasjok
ENERGYFINNMARK MILJØVARME LAKSELV
ENERGYMILJØVARME ALTA DAIRY PRODUCTSTINE MEIERIET ALTASAND DISTRIBUTION Finnmark Sand AS
0 25 50 km
LAND BASED I N D U S T R Y
Reindeer pastoralism have been co-exixting with multiple industries forcenturies, this map shows some of the companies that are currentlyoperating in Finnmark. The impacts from these enterprises range fromharmless to destructive. Too keep good relations to other actors in theterritory is crucial for reindeer herders. The question is: when industrial activities in the north escalate bit by bit, how are reindeer herding as livelihood to survive?
LAND BASED INDUSTRY
WINTER PASTURE
REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTE
SOURCE: www.environment.no www.reindrift.no
DAIRY PRODUCTSTine Meieri avd. Tana
ROAD SURFACEVeidekke Industri AS, Sør-Varanger
SYDVARANGERiiron mine
FISHING INDUSTRYVaranger Laks & Vilt AS
FISHING INDUSTRYVadsø sildoljefabrikk
FISHING INDUSTRYSeafood Vardø A.S
ELKEM TANA
TRANSPORTATIONJan Nylund & Sønner AS
REPPARFJORD STONE
LOPPASLATE
STJERNOYNEPHELINE SYIENITE
FRIARFIORD SKIFER
ALTASLATE
PORSVANN COPPER
ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COPPER
BIDJOVAGGE GOLD/ COPPER
0 25 50 km
REPPARFJORD STONE
LOPPASLATE
STJERNOYNEPHELINE SYIENITE
FRIARFIORD SKIFER
ALTASLATE
PORSVANN COPPER
ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COPPER
BIDJOVAGGE GOLD/ COPPER
0 25 50 km
POSSIBLE FUTURE OPERATION
REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION
OPERATING
REINDEER GRAZING DISTRICTS
EAST FINNMARK 84,000 REINDEERS
WEST FINNMARK103,550 REINDEERS
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no Curry Draft. Thesis prep Document Mineralressurser Norge 2012
BJORNEVATN IRON
SVANVIKQUARTZ
GJEDDEVANNGOLD / ARSEN
GALLUJAV’RI NICKEL
SKALLELVQUARTZITE
FRIARFIORD SLATE
TANA KVARTSITT
RAI’TEVARRI GOLD/ COPPER
KAUTOKEINOKVARTSITT
ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COOPER
IRON ORE, NATURAL STONE SDEPOSITS AND MAIN MINERAL INDUSTRY ON
R E I N D E E R G R A Z I N G D I S T R I C T S IN F I N N M A R K
BIDJOVAGGEMINE
1
2
3
4
5
WINTER PASTURE
KAUTOKEINO
FAVRAN
SPALCCA
BIDJOVAGGEMINE
1
2
3
4
5
WINTER PASTURE
KAUTOKEINO
FAVRAN
SPALCCA
DESTROYED / NO FOOD
HIGH DISTURBANCE / THREAT SPOTSDISTURBANCES
ACCES
LIMITED ACCESS / OBSTACLES
POSSIBLE REINDEER MIGRATIOROUTE BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER
PASTURES
Kjækan
SUMMER PASTURE
MY OWN CLASSIFICATION :ACCES TO GRAZING AREA
0 10 km
PROTECTED AREA
HYDROPOWER WITH WATHER RESERVOIRREINDEER MIGRATION ROUTES
SETTLEMENT
POWER LINE
ROAD
MAIN FENCES
INVESTIGATED POSSIBLE REINDEER TRAIL/ ABORRASSA 34
PLANNEDAREA PLANDE TO BE PROTECTED
ABBORASSA
0 10 km
REJSA NATIONAL PARK
0 10 km
REJSA NATIONAL PARK
REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTES
BIDJOVAGGE MINE
REINDEER COLLECTING & RECOVERY AREA
HERDER CABINS
INVESTIGATED REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTE
FENCES
AUTUMN GRAZIN
SUMMER GRAZING
AUTUMN-WINTER AND SPRING GRAZING
DOAD TO THE MINE
BIDJOVAGGE MINE AND REINDEER GRAZING AREA
S O U R C E S1/ REINDEER HUSBANDRY AND BARENTS 2030 - International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry
2/ REINDEER HUSBANDRY IN NORWAY - Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry. Arctic Council 2000 - 2002. Konstantin Klokov St. Petersburg State University and Johnny-Leo L. Jernsletten University of Tromsø
3/ SAMI REINDEER MANAGEMENT IN NORWAY: MODERNIZATION CHALENGES AND CONFLICTING STRATEGIES Reflections Upon the Co-management Alternative - Jan Age Riseth
4/ EFFECTS OF POWERLINE ON MIGRATION AND RANGE USE OF WILD REINDEER - Biological Conservation (2007) - E. Reimers, B. Dahle, Sindre Eftestol, J.E. Colman, E. Gaare. Department of Biology. University of Oslo.
5/ SOME IMPACTS OF OVERGRAZING BY REINDEER IN FINNMARK, NORWAY 1996- Robert Evans. Division of Geography, Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge.
6/ REINDEER MANAGEMENT DURING COLONIZATION OF SAMI LANDS - IA long term perspective of vulnerability and adaptation strategies. Isabelle Brannlun, Per Axelsson. Global Environmental Change 21 (2011).
7/ MINERALRESSURSER I NORGE 2012 - Mineralstatistikk og bergindustriberetning. PUBLIKASJON NR 1-2013
8/ HERDING ON THIN ICE - An exercise in resiliance and adaptive strategyThesis Prep Document. Tracie Curry. Advisor: Kelly Doran
9/ IMPACT OF ARCTIC CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGES ON REINDEER PASTORALISM: INDEGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND REMOTE SENSING - N. G. Maynard, A. Oskal, J.M. Turi, S.D. Mathiensen, I. Eira, B. Yurchak, V. Etylin, J. Gebelein 10/ INTERNET WWW.REINDRIFT.NO; WWW.NENVIRONMENT.NO;http://sciencenordic.com/windpower-oh-my-deerhttp://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151229/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/8851 (zdjecia z gory migracja)http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/7593 protest against mininghttp://www.oloft.com/casestudy.html herding in sweeden przekrojhttp://www.arcticdiscovery.com/sami-culture/ http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications
JOANNA GOCAŁEKNorthern findings 2013
TROMSO ACADEMY OF LANDSCAPE AND TERRITORIAL STUDIES
AHO/UiT
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