lca of small diameter roundwood - christopher …...dae!!!! a is used to connect roundwood members...

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Milled

Figure 9. Hexagonal or round steel rod with opposite threads at the rod ends, screwed into steel block inserted into milled slot at appropriate distance from roundwood end.

Figure 10. Multiple threaded steel rods connecting multiple roundwood members to a universal steel coflnector.

to the slot. A steel block with a threaded hole is inserted into the slot. A partly hexagonal (or round) steel rod, provided with opposite threads at the rod ends, is screwed into the steel block. By turning the threaded rod, the ends of the roundwood members to be connected are pulled together, thereby forming an ef- fective connection. The same principle is used to connect roundwood members to a universal steel connector when connecting multiple roundwood members (C6,C7,D8) (Fig. 10). To prevent split-

TABLE 5 Withdrawal resi.stance of a 314-inch-diameter threaded .~teel rod, threaded into a 1 - l / 2 - inch-diametersteel cross dowe! (actir~g as a nut), inserted irlto small-diameter yellow-poplar roundwood, wittz two cross dow,els aligned: a ) parallel; b)perpendiculur; and c ) perpendicular to each othec the latter with reinforcitig 314-inch steel strapping aroi~nd the roundw*ood end (D3)

Ultimate load Spec~men no.

Parallel" 2

I7 19 22 24

Average Standard devlat~on

~erpendlcula?' 4 5 7 9

I0 I I I2 I5 20 2 I

Average Standard devlat~on

Control specimen Test speclmen Ratio. test/control - - - . - - - - - - - - - - ( l b ) - - - - - - - . - - - - - -

24,500 23,200 0.947 29,700 23,850 0.803 24,600 17,500 0.7 I I 23,650 21,100 0 892 16,800 23,300 1,387 23,850 2 1,790 0.948

4,122 5,541 0 234

Perpendicular to each otherc I 18,900 27,520 1.456 2 18,000 22,000 1.222 6 28,900 16,900 0.585 8 32,800 27,300 0.832

13 16,700 15,700 0.940 I4 39,000 24,400 0 626 I6 25,200 29, I60 1,157 I8 35,200 18,550 0 527 23 13,250 12,800 0.966

Average 25,328 21,592 0.923 Standard deviation 8,617 5,541 0.298

a Dowel nuts were crossed in the test specimens and were parallel in the control specimens. Dowel nuts were not pos~tloned through axes of spl~ts; 1.e.. dowel 11uts were placed in so l~d wood. Dowel nuts were placed through splits in matched end of test specimens; dowel nuts were placed through solid wood In control specimens. Matched end of test specimens was strapped and the correspond~ng dowel nut was placed through the axis of the split

ting failure of the roundwood ends, banding, taping, or lacing can be em- ployed (C12) (Fig. 11).

The results of tests on Japanese larch roundwood of 100- and 140-mm (3- 15116- and 5-112-in.) diameters and a density of 400 to 500 kg/m3 with an MC of 12 to 15 percent are presented in Ta- ble 6 (C 12).

Curved nail-plate connectors, that is, curved steel bearing plates provided

with integral, pointed, dowel-like fasteners have been introduced (Dl ,D9, D 12-D l9,D24). The nails, spikes, or pins are welded to the plates or driven into tightly fitting holes in the plates. These cantilevering fasteners are pressed or inserted into the sides of the small-diameter roundwood. The connectors can be used for effectively fastening adjacent parallel and perpendicular roundwood members to each other (Fig. 12).

Co~vr iah t 2001 Riahts Reserved

proved a good structural form, as the pinreduced the bending moments at midspan, wherethe section of the pole tapered to its smallestdiameter. Its shape would however, vary consid-erably with the properties of the poles as therotational direction of each pole can be differentat the pin. Alternatively, using a moment con-nection at the crown, the arch is constrained tobe horizontal at or near the centre of the buildingand the shapes of the arches are consequentlymore consistent. For aesthetic reasons a contin-uous curve-arch form was preferred since thisalso provided greater resistance to snow loadingsand to lateral wind loadings (Figs 12 and 13).

The computer-predicted shape could be achievedin each side of the arch; however, at the crown,the radius of curvature required to smoothly jointhe two main arch members was too small forthe end diameter of the pole, requiring theintroduction of a crown arch piece approximately80 mm deep. These were formed by cutting around pole longitudinally, bending it in a jig,and gluing and bolting back together to producea laminated member with a radius of approxi-

Fig. 11. Internal view of completed building

Bracing cables

Glazing pole

80 mm diamtransom pole

Galvanised msgusset plate

M16 bolt expoxy-gluedinto tapered hole

Fig. 12. Section through arch noggin joint

THE USE OF ROUNDWOOD THINNINGS IN BUILDINGS

The Parnham Trust, Beaminster, Dorset, UK, was foundedin 1977 as a nonprofit educational charity by John Makepeace,perhaps the best known furniture designer and maker inBritain. It has been primarily concerned with the teachingand development of the design, production, and businessskills needed for the establishment of new enterprises usingtimber as a primary material. Both forestry and furniture-making skills are taught in apprentice-like settings. ThusHooke Park was founded as a demonstration forestry tractand test site of 132 ha (330 acres) of Dorset woodland, whichcontains at its center, a workshop/training facility in the useof roundwood, as well as student residences—a miniaturecollege in the woods.

The educational facilities at Hooke Park consist of a seriesof custom designed experimental buildings that explore usesof roundwood, a sustainable crop, together with test foreststhat provide the outdoor classroom. Roundwood has beenrecognized as a viable construction material worldwide andthroughout history. However, it is the use of immaturethinnings of little commercial value that is innovative atHooke, and of most interest elsewhere.

Leading British architects have been involved in thedesign of each building at Hooke Park. However, the com-mon technical consultant for all structures has been BuroHappold, Bath, with Ted Happold personally involved withcarefully engineered high-tech ideas of joinery. Since hisdeath, the home office staff from Bath have continuedtechnical support of structural and services engineering forthis program. All buildings demonstrate ideas of what can beachieved with round poles, particularly the first two wheredetails use epoxy plugs, wrappings, and adhesives.

Richard Burton, of Arends Burton, Koralik, (ABK) Archi-tects, of London designed this single story domestic building(figs. 1 and 2) in 1983, which was completed in 1986. Theinternationally known partnership of ABK founded in 1961has been the source of major architectural designs for fourdecades. The house is used as a seminar room and for

administrative offices. It has a size of 11.2 by 8.5-m (37.3 by28.7 feet) and the material used was Norway spruce (Piceaabies). A series of A-frames support a doubly curved roofstructure using 5.5 m (18.3 feet) long, 60 to 90 mm (2.4 by3.6 inch) diameter hanging rafter poles with an initial sagof 20 mm (0.8 inch). Thus the roof load is carried in tensionand taken out of the poles by epoxy threaded 12 mm steelrods, connected to tension eyes.

The decision to use the thinnings structurally in tension ledto the resin joint. To use roundwood only 50 mm (2 inches) indiameter, a very efficient joint was required (fig. 3). This isachieved by drilling a conical hole in the end of the timber and

shown in Figure 6. A moment arm of 12inches was used in all tests. Rate of load-ing was 0.25 inch per minute.

The test set-ups used to evaluate thelateral shear capacities of the joints areshown in Figure 7. Figure 7a shows ajoint with tenon fully inserted, whereasFigure 7b shows a joint with tenonwithdrawn 2 inches. Rate of loading was0.25 inch per minute.

In all of the above cases, failure wasdefined as that point at which a rapidfall-off in load occurred.

Results and discussionResults of the withdrawal tests are

given in Table 1. All but two of the with-drawal specimens with wood cross-pinsfailed because of crushing/bending ofthe cross-pins in a manner similar to thatreported by Schmidt and Daniels(1999). In the two exceptions to this typeof failure, which occurred in SYP speci-mens with 3-inch diameter tenons and1.5-inch cross-pins, the walls of the tenonfailed adjacent to the cross-pin. Thesefailures were attributed to severe crossgrain in this area. The third replicate ofthis set failed because of bending/crush-ing of the cross-pin, i.e., in a mannersimilar to the other joints in the study.

All of the 2-inch tenons with pipecross-pins failed in tension parallel tothe grain. In the specimens with 3- and4-inch tenons, however, the tenons firstsplit lengthwise (Fig. 8), because of fail-ure in tension perpendicular to the grain,with an accompanying substantial lossin testing machine load because of inter-

FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 55, No. 6 63

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