learning a new language: html
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Learning a New Language: HTMLSpring 2013 ITD Workshop
PURPOSE + LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis is an introduction to creating static webpages. Since libraries are increasingly moving toward web content, web content management is a skill that is useful and will make you more marketable.
What you will (hopefully) learn:- What HTML and CSS are- Some important terminology- Coding standards- To read and edit basic HTML code, such as web site
templates
SOME THINGS YOU WILL NEED1. A code editor
- For Macintosh:o Text Wrangler
- For Microsoft Windows:o Notepad++
- Any simple-text editor will work (e.g., TextEdit, Notepad)
2. A place to put your web page files on the Internet- I: Drive- Google Sites, Wix, Weeble- Web hosting service provider with domain name
You can also view HTML webpage files locally in your favorite web browser.
WHAT IS HTML?HTML = HyperText Markup Language
Tim Berners-Lee, the cool British computer science who created the World Wide Web, was the pioneer of HTML. It became standardized in November 1995 as HTML 2.0.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the international standards organization for the World Wide Web. W3C maintains the standards for HTML, CSS, XML, among many other languages.
HTML is not a scripting language.
HTML AS MARKUP LANGUAGEHTML is written in elements, which are specific to the language itself, and each element typically has three components:
• Tags are enclosed in angle brackets – start tag / end tag• Attributes may be included in the start tag• Content is always placed in between the two tags
<tag attribute=“value”>content</tag>
Empty elements (i.e., elements without content) do not have an end tag and follow this form
<tag attribute=“value” />
HELLO_WORLD.HTML<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello HTML World</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello world!</p>
</body>
</html>
HELLO_WORLD.HTML
HEADING TAGSHeading tags are used for titles and subtitles within the content of the webpage. The font size gets smaller as the numbers get bigger.
<body>
<h1>Headings</h1>
<h2>are</h2>
<h3>great</h3>
<h4>for</h4>
<h5>titles</h5>
<h6>and subtitles</h6>
</body>
HEADING TAGSWhat is wrong with this picture?
HEADING TAGSAll tags come in pairs!
TEXTFORMATTING TAGS
<body>
<p><strong>Bold text</strong></p>
<p><em>Emphasized text</em></p>
<p><i>Italic text</i></p>
<p><u>Underlined text</u></p>
<p><del>Struckthrough</del></p>
<p><sup>Superscript</sup></p>
<p><sub>Subscript</sub></p>
</body>
These are some of the commonest text formatting tags that add emphasis to your content.
USEFUL ATTRIBUTES
<body>
<h2 align=“left”>Left</h2>
<h2 align=“center”>Centered</h2>
<h2 align=“right”>Right</h2>
</body>
Align attribute allows you to align your content left, right or center. The default is always left. CSS is making this attribute less popular.
USEFUL ATTRIBUTESThe title attribute adds a tiny text pop-up to any HTML element. Search engines use this attribute to catalog your webpage as well as increase your search ranking. This attribute is most often used with images.
<body> <h1 title=“Hi!”>Big Title Heading Tag</h1></body>
HYPERTEXT REFERENCE (HREF)A hypertext reference (href) is a link tag that directs a user to a valid URL.
<body> <h3>This is a hyperlink:</h3> <br /> <a href=“http://www.nytimes.com/”>NY Times</a></body>
HYPERTEXT REFERENCE (HREF)There are five different kinds of URLs you can use in the href attribute:
<a href=“http://www.uiuc.edu”>UIUC</a>
<a href=“../internal/index.html”>Homepage</a>
<a href=“#top”>Go to top</a>
<a href=“mailto:help@support.lis.illinois.edu?subject=“I need help”>GSLIS Help Desk</a>
<a href=“http://www.uiuc.edu/some_file.zip”>Download this file</a>
COMMENTSComments are a way for you to make notes in your HTML code. They are never shown in the web browser. You can also comment out existing code instead of deleting it.
<body> <!–- This is a comment. It is not displayed. --> <p>This text is shown in the web browser.</p></body>
<body> <!–- This comment is temporarily removing this code.
<p>This text is shown in the web browser.</p> --></body>
IMAGESAlmost every website uses images, and a website without images is pretty boring.
<body> <p>What is the plural of TARDIS?</p> <img src=“tardis.jpg” /></body>
<body> <a href=“../internal/some_file.html”> <img src=“tardis.jpg” /> </a></body>
Images as link/anchor:
The <img> tag does not have “content”. It is an empty element.
IMAGE SOURCE URLSThe source of your images may be either global or local. But it is good practice to make them all local.
src=“tardis.jpg”
src=“imgs/tardis.jpg”
src=“../tardis.jpg”
src=“../imgs/tardis.jpg”
src=“http://www.uiuc.edu/tardis.jpg”
Image is located in the same directory
Image is located in the imgs directory
Image is located “up” a directory
Image is located “up” a directory in another directory called imgs
Image is located at a specific URL elsewhere; this is known as a “global” location
ExplanationSrc Attribute Code
ATTRIBUTES OF THE <IMG> TAG
<img src=“tardis.jpg” width=“220” height=“293” />
You can specify the exact width and height of the image.
Two things to note about specifying the dimensions of an image:
• Always use the same ratio of width to height• Always scale downward – bigger images scale down nicely, but
smaller images will become pixelated if you make them much bigger
The alt (alternative) attribute allows you to display alternate text if the image does not load for some reason.
<img src=“tardis.jpg” alt=“The TARDIS” />
UNORDERED LISTSThere are different types of lists in HTML.
The unordered list is named so because its items are not numbered. Its items are displayed with bullet points.
<body> <h3>Today’s Task List</h3> <ul> <li>LIS501 homework</li> <li>LIS506 assignment</li> <li>Exercise</li> <li>Do the cleaning</li> </ul></body>
ORDERED LISTSThe items of an ordered list are numbered.
<body> <h3>Goals</h3> <ol> <li>Finish school</li> <li>Get a job</li> <li>Make money</li> <li>Get own place</li> </ol></body>
LIST ATTRIBUTESFor unordered lists, you can specify which type of bullet point you would like by using the type attribute in the ul tag.
<ul type=“circle”> […] </ul><ul type=“square”> […] </ul><ul type=“disc”> […] </ul>
For ordered lists, you can pick a starting number other than 1 by using the start attribute.
<ol start=“3”> […] </ol>
If you want something other than numbers in the ordered list, you can choose among a few other options like alphabetical or roman numerals.
<ol type=“a”> […] </ol> <ol type=“i”> […] </ol>
<ol type=“A”> […] </ol> <ol type=“I”> […] </ol>
TABLES
Note: Do not use tables to structure the entire content of your webpage. This practice is now considered old fashioned.
The HTML element table is composed of rows and columns. This element is a container element, which means it can contain other elements.
<table border=“1”> <tr> <td>Row 1/Cell 1</td> <td>Row 1/Cell 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Row 2/Cell 1</td> <td>Row 2/Cell 2</td> </tr></table>
<DIV> ELEMENTThe <div> element is nothing more than a container. Web developers now use <div> elements to arrange content on webpages instead of <table> elements.
This will become important to you once you’ve learned more CSS.
<div id=“someDIV” name=“someDIV” title=“DIV Element”> <!-- any HTML element can go in here --></div>
<div> elements can be nested in one another.
HTML WEB FORM ELEMENTSWeb forms, which are those parts of a webpage where users enter some input, are created in HTML but require some scripting language to interpret the user’s input.
Some examples of web forms:
Credential authentication (e.g., a login screen)
Search functionality on webpages
Web applications
This is outside of the scope of this workshop. Web forms are a more advanced feature of HTML that are only necessary when using a scripting language like PHP.
HTML VS. XHTMLXHTML = Extensible HyperText Markup Language
Until version 5.0, HTML was based on Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) standards.
XHTML, which is replacing HTML, is based on the Extensible Markup Language (XML) standards.
What this means for you:• Tags remain the same as in HTML 5.0• There are stricter rules in the coding
• Everything must be lowercase• All tags are closed and nested
• There are other more technical differences, too.
WHAT IS CSS?CSS = Cascading Style Sheet
CSS files are separate from HTML files, but they are “included in” the HTML file.
It is best practice to use CSS for all formatting in your HTML files. This is the current trend….
Some HTML tags are becoming depreciated because of CSS. A few examples:
- <font>
- Lists: <ul>, <il>, …
- <table> as used for main content structure
- Align attribute and other formatting attributes
THE CSS WORKSHOPThe Instructional Technology & Design (ITD) Office occasionally offers a workshop on CSS.
Some other helpful resources:- W3C Tutorials
http://www.w3schools.com/css
- Lynda Tutorials
http://go.illinois.edu/lynda
QUESTIONS, COMMENTS, CONCERNS…
Thank you for attending our workshop!
Contact GSLIS Help Desk:help@support.lis.illinois.edu
Information on this presentationAdam Mann: aemann2@illinois.edu
Steven Smidl : smidl2@illinois.edu
Feedback is always appreciated!http://go.illinois.edu/itdfeedback
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