learning objectives define the major problems facing the nation and the south after the civil war. ...

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Define the major problems facing the nation and the South after the Civil War.

Describe the responses of both whites and African Americans to the end of slavery.

Analyze the differences between the presidential and congressional approaches to Reconstruction.

Explain how the blunders of President Johnson and the resistance of the white South opened the door to the Republicans’ radical Reconstruction.

Describe the intentions and the actual effects of radical Reconstruction in the South.

Indicated how militant southern white opposition and growing northern weariness with military Reconstruction gradually undermined Republican attempt to empower Southern blacks.

Explain why the radical Republicans impeached Johnson but failed to convict him.

Explain the legacy of Reconstruction, and assess its successes and failures.

Key QuestionsKey QuestionsKey QuestionsKey Questions

1.1. How do we How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1.1. How do we How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2.2. How do we How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2.2. How do we How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3.3. How do we How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3.3. How do we How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

44.. What branch What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

44.. What branch What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

5.5. What should What should be done withbe done with the captured the captured Confederates?Confederates?

5.5. What should What should be done withbe done with the captured the captured Confederates?Confederates?

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis What happened to Jefferson Davis?

Popular Northern song was “Hang Jeff Davis to a Sour Apple Tree.”

He is captured a month after Lee surrenders to Grant.

He is found at a campsite in the woods with his wife and children.

He was released from prison with some fellow Confederate officers, simply because no Virginia jury would convict them of treason.

He would not have his citizenship restored until nearly a century later.

WYNTK… The fate of defeated Confederate leaders was that after brief jail terms, all were pardoned in 1868.

What did the South look What did the South look like?like?• WYNTK… In the postwar South, the economy and social

structure was utterly devastated.

What did the South look What did the South look like?like?

What did the South look What did the South look like?like?

What did the South look What did the South look like?like?

What did the South look What did the South look like?like?

Presidential Presidential ReconstructionReconstruction10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* As soon as 10% of a state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, pledge to abide by emancipation, then state could set up a new government.

* The states of Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee rapidly acted to comply with these terms.

Wade-DavisWade-Davis Bill (Bill (18641864))Wade-DavisWade-Davis Bill (Bill (18641864)) Congress’s plan BEFORE

WAR ENDED!

Harsher than Lincoln’s

50% of a state’s voters have to take a loyalty oath

Revealed deep differences between the President and Congress.

Congress often referred to the southern states as “conquered provinces”

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Pocket-VetoPocket-Veto Lincoln refused to sign the W-D Bill.

His fellow Republicans were outraged.

Backlash = refusal to allow reps from Louisiana back into Congress, even after the state had complied with Lincoln’s demands.

Two factions were emerging:

The majority moderate group that tended to agree with Lincoln.

They wanted the southern states to be restored swiftly and simply, though on Congress’s terms, not all Lincoln’s terms.

The minority radical group believed that the South should atone for painfully for their sins.

They wanted to see the southern social structure uprooted, the haughty planter aristocracy punished, and the newly emancipated blacks protected by federal law.

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans Some of these radicals were secretly pleased when Lincoln

was assassinated.

Andrew Johnson shared hatred for the planter aristocracy and therefore would desire to reconstruct the South with a iron fist.

Johnson would disillusion them!

He agreed with Lincoln on some issues.

Andrew Johnson He issued his own Reconstruction proclamation.

Confederates with taxable property worth more than $20,000 could petition him for a personal pardon.

He called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment.

Johnson enjoyed the dominance over the Southern aristocrats who now begged him for mercy.

Congressional Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction• Seemed to be in no hurry to embrace former enemies within the

houses of Congress.

* Most of them were Democrats.

* Republicans had enjoyed domination in Congress without opposition from Southern Democrats.

* This allowed easy passage of laws:

* Pacific Railroad Act

* Homestead Act

* Northern fear over the 3/5th’s Compromise.

* Before war = 3/5 of one person

* After war = 1 whole person

* Southern population goes up = more representation for the Southern states in the House of Reps= more power.

* Increased an additional 12 votes in the HOR.

Congressional FearsCongressional Fears• Fears:

• Restoration of the planter aristocracy.

• Southerners joining hands with Democrats in the North which could lead to a win in the White House and/or Congress.

• Could that possibly perpetuate the Black Codes.

• Could that dismantle the economic programs of the Republican party by:

• Lowering tariffs.

• Rerouting the Transcontinental Railroad.

• Repealing the Homestead Act.

• Repudiating the national debt.

Freedmen’s Bureau (Freedmen’s Bureau (18651865)) Created by Congress a few weeks before

Lincoln’s death.

Welfare agency led by Oliver Howard (former Union General, future President of Howard University.)

Goal was to provide food, clothing, healthcare, and education for both black and white refugees in the South.

The Bureau taught an estimated 20,000 blacks how to read.

It helped reunite families and negotiated fair labor contracts between former slaves and white land owners.

President Johnson , who shared the white supremacist views of most white Southerners, repeatedly tried to get rid of the program.

The program expired in 1872.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

President Andrew Johnson Was Lincoln’s Vice-President

He offered pardons for Confederates who swore loyalty.

His deal breaker was that all states coming back into the Union would have to ratify the 13th Amendment.

Wanted major Confederate leaders to write him personally to apply for a pardon.

Anti-aristocrat- resented wealthy plantation owners.

Did not want African-Americans to be able to vote.

Wanted states to determine the freedoms of former slaves.

By December, 1865, most states had met the requirements of readmission.

Growing Northern Alarm! Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans

and keep them as landless workers.

The codes required African Americans to work in only a limited number of occupations, most often as servants or farm laborers.

Some states prohibited them from owning land and some stipulated that any black person who did not have job could be arrested and sent to work as prison labor.

A lot of Southerners used violence and intimidation to enforce the black codes.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress sought to overturn the black codes by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Suspended any state laws that limited African American rights.

Johnson vetoed the law.

How would anything get better if Johnson did not support Congress?

14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.

Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal rights under the law.

* Protected freedmen’s rights from presidential vetoes.

* Any state that refused to allow black people to vote would risk losing the number of seats in the House of Reps.

Radical Plan for Readmission

Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Edwin Stanton

Tenure of Office Act* The President needed Senate

approval to remove certain officials from office.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him for trying to fire Stanton on February 24th before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3’s vote).

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. Grant

15th Amendment

Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

Ku Klux Klan Formed in Tennessee in 1866.

They roamed the countryside, especially at night, burning homes, schools, and churches, and beating, maiming, or killing African Americans.

Dressed in white robes and hoods, mounted on horses.

Designed to scare people away from voting.

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Was it a failure or success?

Grant’s cabinet and administration was unknowingly corrupt.

He gave government jobs to untrustworthy friends who used their positions to make money. Spoils system?

13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments = success towards equality.

Southern opposition= failure.

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier Scandal.

* Whiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

Who Stole the People’s Money?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

1872 Presidential Election

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Popular Vote for President: 1872

The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”

* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 Specie Redemption Act. 1876 Greenback Party formed & makes

gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges

The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Bradwell v. IL (1873)

U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876)

U. S. v. Reese (1876)

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing

MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule

in the South?

Colored Rule

in the South?

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost

Cause.”

The rise of the“Bourbons.”

Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877