learning with me mate: analytics of social networks in higher education
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Learning with me mateAnalytics of social networks in higher education
Dragan Gasevic@dgasevic
March 16, 2016MCSHE, University of Melbourne
Joint work with Srecko Joksimovic, Vitomir Kovanovic, and many great collaborators as cited in the presentation
Benefits of social learning
Social networks
Ties as channels for flow of resources
The Strength of Weak Ties
Connections through strong ties
Connections through weak ties
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology, 1360-1380.
A common assumption
Higher social network centrality leads to higher achievement
Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in organizational behavior, 22, 345-423.
Network
Mike
Jill
Emma
Liz
Bob
Leah
ShaneJohn
Allen Lisa
Degree Centrality
Mike
Jill
Emma
Liz
Bob
Leah
ShaneJohn
Allen Lisa
Betweenness centrality
Mike
Jill
Emma
Liz
Bob
Leah
ShaneJohn
Allen Lisa
a.k.a. network broker
Results in reality are inconsistent and contradictory
Network centrality and performance
What is the source of this inconsistency?
THEORY IN NETWORK ANALYSIS
Theory-informed learning analytics
Gašević, D., Dawson, S., Rogers, T., & Gasevic, D. (2016). Learning analytics should not promote one size fits all: The effects of instructional conditions in predicting academic success. The Internet and Higher Education, 28, 68-84.
Simmel’s theory of social interactions
Networks based on super strong ties
Triads as the unit of analysis
Study objective
Network structural properties
Learning outcome
Social dynamic
processes?
Tie dynamics:• Homophily/
heterophily• Reciprocity• Triadic closure
Joksimović, S., Manataki, A., Gašević, D., Dawson, S., Kovanović, K., de Kereki, I. F. (2016). Translating network position into performance: Importance of Centrality in Different Network Configurations. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (LAK 2016), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (in press).
Method (Data) Code Yourself! (English), ¡A Programar! (Spanish)
Certificate: 50% for the coursework; 75% - distinction
Enrolled Engaged Engaged with forum
010000200003000040000500006000070000
Course participants
Codeyourself Aprogramar
Codeyourself Aprogramar0
200400600800
10001200140016001800
Obtained certificate
Normal Disctinction
Method (Analysis)
Results - network characteristics
Expansiveness
Popularity
Simmelian
Reciprocity
Gender
Domestic
Achievement (Normal)
Achievement (None)
Achievement (Distinct)
Edges
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Aprogramar Codeyourself
******
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Note: * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001, Analysis of the estimates for the two ERG models
Results of the multinomial regression analysis, * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001In order to provide meaningful visualizations, estimates for betweenness centrality were multiplied by 100 (only for the presentation purposes)
Betweenness (normal)
Betweenness (distinct)
Closeness (normal)
Closeness (distinct)
W. Degree (normal)
W. Degree (distinct)
-0.12 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Aprgoramar Codeyourself
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Results – centrality vs. performance
“Super-strong” ties
Social centrality does not necessarily imply benefits
Methodological implications
Traditional (descriptive) + statistical network analysis
When and how are networks with super-strong ties formed?
DISCOURSE IN NETWORK FORMATION
Learning and discourse
Graesser, A., Mcnamara, D., & Kulikowich, J. (2011). Coh-Metrix: Providing Multilevel Analyses of Text Characteristics. Educational Researcher, 40(5), 223–234. http://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11413260
Language and social ties
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology, 1360-1380.
Interaction strategy, social networks, and performance
Kovanović, V., Gašević, D., Joksimović, S., Hatala, M., & Adesope, O. (2015). Analytics of communities of inquiry: Effects of learning technology use on cognitive presence in asynchronous online discussions. The Internet and Higher Education, 27, 74-89.
Method (data)
Courses: Delft Design Approach (DDA), Introduction to Drinking Water (CTB), Functional Programming (FP)
Certificate: 60% for the coursework
Engaged with forum Obtained certificate0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
730
135
645281
1064
1962
Forum participation & obtained certificates
DDA CTB FP
DDA CTB FP0
50001000015000200002500030000350004000045000
11336 8484
3167113971128
6560
Students overview
Enrolled Submitted
Joksimović, S., Kovanović, V., Milikić, N., Jovanović, J., Gasević, D., Zouaq, A., Dawson, S. (2016). Effects of discourse on network formation and achievement in massive open online courses. Computers & Education (in preparation).
Discussion forum
extract
Weighted, directed graph
Statistical network analysis
Exponential random graph models Homophily
Achievement Transition count Post count
Reciprocity Popularity Expansiveness Simmelian ties
Discussion forum
extract
Weighted, directed graph
Statistical network analysis
Exponential random graph models Homophily
Achievement Transition count Post count
Reciprocity Popularity Expansiveness Simmelian ties
extra
ctstudent, post, timestamp
post => keywords Alchemy API
post_id, parent_post_id, student_id, keywordsBlock HMM
Dominant topics Topic coherence
Interpretation
Paul, M. J. (2012). Mixed membership Markov models for unsupervised conversation modeling. In Proc. 2012 Joint Conf. on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (pp. 94-104).
Discussion forum
extract
Weighted, directed graph
Statistical network analysis
Exponential random graph models Homophily
Achievement Transition count Post count
Reciprocity Popularity Expansiveness Simmelian ties
extra
ctstudent, post, timestamp
post => keywords Alchemy API
post_id, parent_post_id, student_id, keywordsBlock HMM
Dominant topics Topic coherence
Association?Interpretation
Regression analysis
Interpretation
Transition count Post count Replies count Betweenness centrality Closeness centrality Degree centrality
CTB DDA FP
Results (topic transition)
Common ground as a key factor in shaping network structures
Clark, H., & Brennan, S. E. (1991). Grounding in communication. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, & S. D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 127–149). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
The principle of least effort in communication
Clark, H., & Krych, M. A. (2004). Speaking while Monitoring Addressees for Understanding. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(1), 62–81.
DDA topics
Topic 11: Video concept video making, upload particular assignment that included
video making
Topic 5: Course information resources, readings, discussions
Topic 7: Design thinking thinking about design process, different approaches to design
Expansiveness
Popularity
Assortative mixing
Simmelian ties
Simmelian cliques
Reciprocity
Post count
Transition count
Achievement
Edges
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
CTB DDA FP
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Analysis of the estimates for the three ERG modelsNote: * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001
*** ***
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Results - network characteristics
Results(centrality vs. performance)
Betweenness
Closeness
W. Degree
Post count
Replies count
Transition count
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
CTB DDA FP
R2CTB = .17
R2DDA = .21
R2FP = .08
Results of the three regression analysisNote: * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001
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FINAL REMARKS
One size fits all does not work in learning analytics
Gašević, D., Dawson, S., Siemens, G. (2015). Let’s not forget: Learning analytics are about learning. TechTrends, 59(1), 64-71.
Theory as a driver of the study of networked learning
Interplay of language, network structure, and network dynamics
How to inform teaching practice?
Teaching to recognize structural wholes in networks
Burt, R. S., & Ronchi, D. (2007). Teaching executives to see social capital: Results from a field experiment. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1156-1183.
Social presence in network formation
Kovanovic, V., Joksimovic, S., Gasevic, D., & Hatala, M. (2014). What is the source of social capital? The association between social network position and social presence in communities of inquiry. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining – Workshops, London, UK, 2014
Scaling up qualitative research methods
Kovanović, V., Joksimović, S., Waters, Z., Gašević, D., Kitto, K., Hatala, M., Siemens, G. (2016). Towards Automated Content Analysis of Discussion Transcripts: A Cognitive Presence Case In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (LAK 2016), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (in press).
To what extent instructional design can affect network structures?
Class size as an important factor
Skrypnyk, O., Joksimović, S., Kovanović, V., Gašević, D., & Dawson, S. (2015). Roles of course facilitators, learners, and technology in the flow of information of a cMOOC. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(3).
Media, networks, and language
Personal agency and network structures
Adapting language to different situations
Tie building approach less important than experience in networks
Burt, R. S., & Ronchi, D. (2007). Teaching executives to see social capital: Results from a field experiment. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1156-1183.
Ideally suited methodNot ideally suited methodIdeally suited method, but context dependent
Azevedo, R. (2015). Defining and measuring engagement and learning in science: Conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues. Educational Psychologist, 50(1), 84-94.
Capturing and measurement of engagement-related processes
Analytics-based feedback for networked learning
Thanks you!
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