lenses & exposure · • depth of field • lens speed • ... motion blur. stop action....
Post on 24-Jul-2020
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• Lens Options• Depth of Field• Lens Speed• Telephotos• Wide Angles
• Light Control• Aperture• Shutter• ISO• Reciprocity
Exposure
LensesLenses & Exposure
The Viewfinder Camera
Image Sensor
viewfinder
aperturelens
shutter
LensBasics
• What is a lens• Focal Length (for 35mm)• Focus, Sharpness, Distortion• Zoom Magnification 1x - 3x - 10x• Lens Size• Glass or Plastic• Macro Focus Lenses
ApertureThe aperture controls the amount of light passingthrough the lens.
f/stops indicate the size of the aperture.Each setting is doubles the light volume admitted.
… 32 – 22 – 16 – 11 – 8 – 5.6 – 4 – 2.8 …
most lenseshave 7 f/stoprange
Depth of Field
Background
Foreground
In focus
Out of focus
Out of focus
Center
Lens Depth of Fieldsubjectcamera
1/3 2/3Area in focus
Depth of field dependson lens focal lengthand aperture setting.
Smaller apertures (f/16-22)provide greater DOF
DOF can bepreviewed onmany SLRcameras.
Wide angle Lenses have greater DOFTelephoto Lenses have less DOF
Depth of FieldControl
Out of FocusBackground popsForeground object
Depth of Field -- ApertureLens TypeOpen Aperture Closed Down
Telephoto Lens
Normal Lens
Wide Angle Lens Full Focus
Long DOF
Medium DOF
Medium DOF
Long DOF
Short DOF
Wide Angle LensesThey Stretch Space – apparently distorting perspective
It is called Wide-Angle Distortion
Use short focal length lensesGet close to the subjectShoot at odd angles
For maximum effect
Wide Angle Lenses
They stretch space
Telephoto Lenses – Flatten Space
Lens Speed – Fast Lenses
• A Faster LensGathers more light
• They have larger“wide open” apertures
• They allow shootingwith smaller ISO &faster shutter speeds
• They are expensive
Lens Hoods – Critical EquipmentThey improve image contrast & sharpnessThey help prevent flare & sunspots
SunspotsOctagonalshaped spotsfrom lightfalling directlyon lens
FlareWashed outareas in theimage from lightbouncing intothe lens.
Shutter SpeedShutter speeds double for each setting
… 1/60 – 1/120 – 1/250 – 1/400 – 1/800 …
Each doubling reduces the amount of light byone half.
Bulb – The shutter will remain open as long asthe shutter is pressed.
Time – Press once to start, again to end.
Motion blur Can create Impact
Slow shutter speeds create motion blur.
Shutter SpeedSlow Shutter Fash Shutter
Stop ActionMotion Blur
Subject Moderate Blur Extensive Blur
Traffic Trails 30 sec 90 sec
Waterfall 1/5 sec 1 sec
Person Walking 1/30 1 /4
Person Running 1/60 1/15
Horse Trotting 1/30 1/8
Car @ 40 mph 1/125 1/30
Car @ 70 mph 1/250 1/60
ISO Speed“Sensor speed = sensitivity to light measuredAs an index number called ISO speed.
50 – 100 – 200 – 400 – 800 – 1600 – 3200
Fast Slow
Less noise More noise
ISO speed
2002, Mike Blevins
Exposure
The aperture -- Controls depth of field
The total amount of light falling on the sensor
The shutter – Controls image motion
ISO Speed – Controls image noise.
Reciprocity – A change in either of these canOffset a change in the other
Camera Exposure Controls
1. Automatic Exposure Control
3. Semi-automatic Exposure Control
4. Manual Exposure Control
• Camera computer sets everything
• You set aperture or shutter
• You set everything
2. Scene Mode Controls• Scene Selection sets Everything
Scene Mode – Easy Exposure Adjustments
Portrait Mode
Landscape ModeSports Mode
Macro Mode
Night Mode Setting the scene tells the Camera what settings to use
END – Section 1
TRIPODS• Improve Image Sharpness• Allow Dawn & Dusk Shots• Architecture & Interiors• Better Portraits• Allows Small f/stop Landscapes• Needed for Long Telephotos
THE TRIPOD RULE:The minimum shutter speedneeded for a sharp negativeIs the reciprocal of the lensFocal length.
250 mm = 1/250 sec400 mm = 1/400 sec
Tripod Features
Consider:• Gitzo - carbon fiber, • Slik - low cost• Cullman (fold flat &monopod)
• Sturdy but strong, 5’-high, 2’-folded• Light – carbon composite is best• Quick release head • Pan-tilt or ball head• Level (bubble)• Under tripod extension
Heads:• Gitzo offset ball• Slik small balls
Other Support Options:• Monopod – hiking stick• Bean Bag – transport unfilled (add beans/sand)• Minimal table top tripod• Shutter release cable or IR remote
Gear Bags:• Backpack & belt mounted lens bags• Lowepro backpacks are the most popular• Hard case with foam inserts• Photographer’s vest• Traditional carry case with straps
Lighting Issues
• Separate electronic flash• match to your system• Rotating & swivel head• Adjustable flash angle• Diffusion add-on• External cord – to move light • Lithium Batteries
• Reflector• folding cloth• cardboard/foil
• Pop-Up Fill Flash,Use it frequently
Using Fill Flash
Even a small camera-mountedfill flash will illuminatefaces that would otherwise be dark.
The exposure metersets exposure for thetotal scene and theface is underexposed.
Filters – To Control Light at the Lens
The Basic Kit (for film cameras)• Skylight, UV, or Haze (on all lenses)• Circular polarizer (good quality • 81A and 81B Warming Filter• Neutral Density (1stop, 2stop, 3stop)• Graduated (clear to ND: 2x, 4x, 8x stop)• Color Graduated (Blue, Brown, etc.)• Yellow, Orange, or Red for B&W
Polarizers – (use Circular on AF Cameras)• Saturates colors, (blue sky – pops clouds)• Reduces or eliminates reflections (water, glass, etc)• Can act as ND filter (1-2 f/stops)• Not great for skin tones, overused.
For DigitalYesYes*YesYes ***
* There is a Photoshop work around
Cokin Graduated Gray Filters
Filters are square which allows splitting the filtersin the holder to get different effects.
Cokin offers are variant of the normal filter systemwith several advantages.
There are over 60 filters in their system.
With GraduatedND Filter
Without Filter
BlockExposureby 2 stops
NormalExposure
Use of Graduated ND Filters
Beach withoutGraduated NDFilter
Beach withGraduated ND Filter
Lenses & Exposure• Lens Options• Depth of Field• Lens Speed• Telephotos• Wide Angles
• Light Control• Aperture• Shutter• ISO• Reciprocity
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