lesson xxxiii

Lesson XXXIII

Perfect Passive ParticiplesPassive Voice: Perfect, Pluperfect

and Future Perfect Tenses

Perfect Participles• A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that’s used as an adjective.

The past participle in English usually ends in –ed:• e.g.: carried, beloved• With other verbs, it is irregular:• e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard.

• The baby, CARRIED by its mother, stopped crying.• The sheets, EATEN by moths, were no longer useful.• SEEN cheating by her boyfriend, the girl decided now was

as good a time as any to break up.

Perfect Participles

• In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus:

• Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS• PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried”• Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS• MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent”• These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like any

other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.

Participles

• Examples:• Cibus propositus:• “the offered food”• Litterae missae:• “the sent letter”

Forming perfect passive tenses• Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them

to good use!• The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal

parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses.

• Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender.

• Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.

Perfect Passive Tense• Take the perfect passive participle of a verb.• Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb.

Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb.

Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….

Singular Plural

1st person Amatus sumI was, have been loved

Amati sumusWe were, have been loved

2nd person Amatus esYou were, have been loved

Amati estisY’all were, have been loved

3rd person

*Note that sum is NOT translated “I am”. This is a PAST tense, so the regular meanings of “sum” are thrown out the window…for this chart.

Amatus estHe was, has been lovedNOT “she” or “it”: that would be amatA or amatUM, respectively

Amati suntThey were, have been lovedNote that we changed –us to the nominative plural –i. Had we been working with amata, the plural would be amatae. Amatum would change to amata.

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead

Singular Plural

1st ductus ducti

2nd ductus ducti

3rd ductus ducti

sum

Singular Plural

1st person Amatus eramI had been loved

Amati eramusWe had been loved

2nd person Amatus erasYou had been loved

Amati eratisY’all had been loved

3rd person Amatus eratHe had been loved

Amati erantThey had been loved

Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern!Just use “eram” as your helping verb.amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead

Singular Plural

1st ductus ducti

2nd ductus ducti

3rd ductus ducti

eram

Singular Plural

1st person Amatus eroI will have been loved

Amati erimusWe will have been loved

2nd person Amatus erisYou will have been loved

Amati eritisY’all will have been loved

3rd person Amatus eritHe will have been loved

Amati eruntThey will have been loved

Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN!Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum)amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead

Singular Plural

1st ductus ducti

2nd ductus ducti

3rd ductus ducti

ero

Ready to practice? • But first….

beneficium,benefici (n.)•kindness, benefit

exemplum,exempli (n.)•example

exemplify, sample, exemplary

egregius,egregiaegregium:•distinguished,•excellent egregious

propono,proponere,proposui,propositus:•put forward, offer

suscipio,suscipere,suscepi,susceptus:•undertake, take up, start

per (+ acc.):•through

perforate, permit, percolate

sub: •under, close up to+ acc.: verbs of motion+ abl.: verbs of restsuspicion, submarine

Workbook page 121(watch out for genders and plurals!)

1. missa est a. He will be sent2. missa erunt b. it will have been sent3. missum est c. They had been sent4. mittetur d. She has been sent5. missae sunt e. They were being sent6. mittebantur f. They will have been sent7. missus est g. They are sent8. mittuntur h. They have been sent9. missi erant i. It was sent10. missum erit j. He has been sent

Ready to practice more? • But once again….

beneficium,benefici (n.)•kindness, benefit

exemplum,exempli (n.)•example

exemplify, sample, exemplary

egregius,egregiaegregium:•distinguished,•excellent egregious

propono,proponere,proposui,propositus:•put forward, offer

suscipio,suscipere,suscepi,susceptus:•undertake, take up, start

per (+ acc.):•through

perforate, permit, percolate

sub: •under, close up to+ acc.: verbs of motion+ abl.: verbs of restsuspicion, submarine

Workbook page 121 Exercise “E”

• Translate the 5 sentences in exercise “E” about pirates in the Roman world. Arrrrrgh!

• Pay special attention to the passive voice verbs, especially your new perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive tenses. (Whew! That’s a mouthful…!)