lhc status, highlights and future plans
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LHC Status, Highlights and Future plans
ERICE June 25th 2012Philippe BLoch
Cern
Luminosity of LHC
N = number of protons per bunch. Given by injector chain
currently up to 1.6 1011 protonsen = normalized emittance. Given also by injector chain
currently about 2 mmkb = number of bunches. Depends on bunch spacing
currently 50ns -> kb = 1331b* = beta function at collision point ; limited by triplet aperture
currently b* = 0.6 mf = revolution frequency = 11245 Hz. Can not be changed g = E/m given by beam energy F = correction factor <1, depends on crossing angle and beam separation (if different from 0)
correlated
pp: situation in 2011
14/03/11 04/04/11 25/04/11 16/05/11 06/06/11 27/06/11 18/07/11 08/08/11 29/08/11 19/09/11 10/10/110
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Increase Number of
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Operational performance
June 4th 2012 Paul Collier – LHC: Status, Prospects and Plans{lans 4
• Operational robustness– Precycle, injection, 450 GeV, ramp & squeeze & collisions
routine• Machine protection
– superb performance of machine protection and associated systems
– Rigorous machine protection follow-up, qualification and monitoring
– Routine collimation of 110 MJ LHC beams without a single quench from stored beams.
100 MJ enough to melt 150 Kg of CopperMust be dumped in a single turn 88 ms
What we learnt in 2011 The LHC injectors can provide a significantly higher
brightness beam than foreseen ( for 50ns bunch spacing)
The LHC can handle very high bunch intensities ➥ head-on beam beam not a significant problem (yet)
The control of the machine parameters and the quality of the alignment means that the available aperture in the triplets is higher than expected ➥ can be used for larger crossing angle, or lower b*➥ Partially exploited already during 2011 to go from
1.5m down to 1m
Electron cloud
Threshold effect leads to build up of electrons inside the vacuum chamber: Heat load (in cold sections), Vacuum pressure rise and beam becomes instable
The main solution is to condition the surface by electron bombardment – “scrubbing”. Very effective – but takes significant amounts of dedicated beam time
50ns bunch spacing did not require too much fight against electron cloud
➥ Electron cloud more of a problem for 25ns beams in LHC (and SPS)
➥ “Memory” is kept after scrubbing
Tests showed that the situation with 25 ns is much more difficult.
2012 Bunch Spacing – 50ns vs 25ns
50ns Operationally in good shape
25ns Not yet used operationally
Can fit 1380 bunches into the LHC
Injectors can provide very high intensity per bunch at low emittance: 1.6x10+11, e =2.0mm
Problems with electron cloud instabilities are much less apparent No need for a significant
period of dedicated “scrubbing” Smaller Emittance means larger
aperture – can run with b* = 0.6m
Can fit 2748 bunches into the LHC
Injectors cannot provide as high brightness bunches:
1.2x10+11, e = 3.0mm
Emittance growth and lifetime problems due to e-cloud effects are very strong A week of dedicated
“scrubbing” needed. Larger emittance means that the
b* is limited to 0.9mspacing 50 ns 25 ns
Peak Luminosity 6.8 1033 cm-2 s-1 4.2 1033 cm-2 s-1
Integrated lumi > 15 fb-1 ~ 10 fb-1
<Pile-up> 34 10
Chosen 50 nsfor 2012
Peak Luminosity Evolution (so far)
MD
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Impressive Ramp-up!
The injectors are important!
Back in business – but
it is not all plain sailing!
Should never have Stopped!
1-Apr 11-Apr 21-Apr 1-May 11-May 21-May 31-May 10-Jun0
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Peak luminosity6.76 1033 cm-2 s-1
Production Running : up to 19th June
Last week before MD: 1.3 fb-1/week
Assumes 0.84 fb-1/week
Living with high pileup
ATLAS
CMS
11
Performance for physics objects largely recoveredusing tracks techniques such as assignment to vertices and subtraction techniques
The present Physics Landscape
A personal and very biased choice of some recent physics highlights(Very often the same or complementary information has been obtained in several experiments)
Much more in dedicated lectures• P.Jenni : ATLAS• J.Virdee : CMS• P. Giubellino ALICE
1: Understanding the proton as a wholeTOTEM & ALPHA Experiments
Specific runs with high b (90m, 500m in the future) to measure elastic cross section
Low uncertainty : important for extrapolations
2: Testing every corner of the Standard Model
Precision tests of the SM may allow finding deviations linked to higher order processes involving New Physics
Examples: Cross SectionsPrecise (re)measurement of EW
parametersHelicity propertiesCP violation in BsRare decays….
PDG : 0.23108 ± 0.00005
t polarisation in W decay(through r polarisation)
Constraints on proton PDFsExample:
20
Rare decays : Bs->mm
Bs m+m- strongly suppressed in SMPredicted BR = (3.2 ± 0.2) 10-9 *
very sensitive to new physics
World-best limit set:BR < 4.5 × 10-9 LHCb (at 95% CL) < 7.7 × 10-9 (CMS arXiv:1203.3976) < 22 × 10-9 (ATLAS CONF-2012-010)
Combination BR < 4.2 × 10-9 (at 95% CL)
[JHEP 1010 009]
Bs m+m- candidate
CP violation in Bs mixing
Results correlated with DGs = width difference of the Bs mass-eigenstates plotted as contours in (fs vs DGs) plane• LHCb result consistent with Standard Model fs = -0.036 ± 0.002
rad First significant direct measurement of DGs = 0.116 ± 0.018 ± 0.006 ps-1
• fs also measured in a second mode: Bs J/y f0 Combined result: fs = -0.002 ± 0.083 ± 0.027 rad
Analogous to sin2b mesured in Bd->J/y Ks
Here Bs->J/y f
LHCb results provide strong constraints on possible models for new physicslimit on Bs m+m- constraining SUSY at high tan band combination of Bs m+m- and fs restricting various models:
[D. Straub, arXiv:1107.0266][N. Mahmoudi, Moriond QCD]
Impact of Bs results
(fs)
Direct exclusion(CMS 4.4 fb-1)B s
m+m-
(LHCb 1 fb-1 )
A surprise ? CPV in Charm decay• Expected to be small in the SM (< 10-3)• Enormous statistics available:
> 106 D0 K+K- from D*+ D0 p+
Charge of p from D* determines D flavour• DACP = difference in CP asymmetry
for D0 K+K- and D0 p+p-
Robust: detection and production asymmetries cancel (at first order)DACP = (-0.82 ± 0.21 ± 0.11)% Zero CPV is excluded at 3.5 s
• Before the LHCb result: “CP violation…at the percent level signals new physics” [Y. Grossman, arXiv:hep-ph/0609178] (and many others)
After: “We have shown that it is plausible that the SM accounts for the measured value… Nevertheless, new physics could be at play” [J.Brod et al, arXiv:1111.5000]
3: Searching for the HiggsStatus with full 2011 dataset
• SM Higgs boson excluded with 95% cl up to a mass of 600 GeV except for the window 122.5 to 127.5 GeV
• Interesting fluctuations around masses of 124-126 GeV
2012 run 8 TeV, expect ~15fb-1
First 6fb-1 will most probably be disclosed next week at ICHEP12
SM-Higgs Boson up to a mass of some 600 GeV will either be discovered or ruled out until end 2012
• Finding the Higgs Boson would be a fantastic discovery, awaited since ~45 years
• Not finding the Higgs would be an even greater surprise (probably more difficult to explain to the public and our financing agencies…)
x2 more luminosity recordedEfficiencies increased
More news in a couple of days(4th July 9.00)
Stay tuned
4: direct searches for BSM Physics
We know that even with the Higgs, the SM is incompleteNeutrino Masses (ESM)Dark MatterInclusion of Gravity in the pictureHierarchy
But it resists very strongly !
5: Exploring the Quark Gluon Plasma
Great complementarity + collaboration among experiments
+ LHCf p0 data h from 8.9 to 11
All these results are obtained due to the 3 components exceeding their expected performance
– The LHC accelerator with brighter beams than expected and efficiency (37% stable beam in 2012 ) x ~2 more than assumed
– The experiments with unprecedented efficiency (> 95%) and coping with a pileup in excess of what was foreseen for design luminosity (~20)
– The computing GRID which exceeds also the transfer and processing rates
A look at the LHC future
Predictable future (2012-2030)Long term (> 2030)
The predictable future: LHC Time-line
~2022
2018
2013/14
2009 Start of LHC
Run 1: 7 TeV centre of mass energy, luminosity ramping up to few 1033 cm-2 s-1, few fb-1 delivered
2030 Next machine ?
Phase-II: High-luminosity LHC. New focussing magnets and CRAB cavities for very high luminosity with levelling
Injector and LHC Phase-I upgrades to go to ultimate luminosity
LHC shut-down to prepare machine for design energy and nominal luminosity
Run 4: Collect data until > 3000 fb-1
Run 3: Ramp up luminosity to 2.2 x nominal, reaching ~100 fb -1 / year accumulate few hundred fb-1
Run 2: Ramp up luminosity to nominal (1034 cm-2 s-1), ~50 to 60 fb-1
Post Shut Down performance (t.b.c)
25ns nominal 50 ns 25 ns low emittance t.b.c
Energy TeV 6.5 6.5 6.5Bunch intensity x 1011
1.15 1.7 1.15
Emittance 2.8mm 2.1mm 1.4 mmb* 50 50 50Peak Luminosity 1.2 e34 1.7 e34 leveled
0.9e342.2 e34
<Pileup> 28 76 leveled 40 46Int Lumi /year fb-1 32 40-50 57
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1035 - no level Level at 5 1035 34
Average no levelAverage level
Depends on • Electrons cloud • Electronics radiation hardness –SEU’s• Emittance growth• …..Wait and see !
Ultimate step : HL-LHC for 2022
Cannot reduce the bunch spacing – stick with 25ns
(50ns), 2808(1404) bunches
Work on the injectors (and LHC) to increase the beam brightness
N/en
Decrease the b* to 10-20 cm
Implies new large aperture final focus quads but also implies lower value of Rθ
Use Crab cavities to recover the geometric
reduction factor – and as a mechanism for
Leveling
Goal is to reach >250 fb-1 per year and run until 2030
The predictable future: LHC detectors Time-line
~2022
2018
2013/14
2009 Start of LHC
2030
Consolidation of Infrastructure for allCMS 4th Muon station forward New reduced diameter Be beam pipes CMS & ATLASATLAS : new pixel internal layer (IBL)
ATLAS: Upgrade Trigger, new small Muon wheels, FTK trigger, Forward physicsCMS : Upgrade Trigger, New pixel detector, New photosensors for HCAL, Forward
Muon chambersLHCb : Upgrade FE electronics: New 40 MHz readout, x10 luminosity ! ALICE : New vertex detector (ITS), faster TPC, DAQ,….
ATLAS: New central Tracker + …?CMS : New central Tracker + ….LHCb : continue until 50 fb-1
ALICE : continue until 10 nb-1
• LHeC (medium term) ?• High Energy LHC ?
The longer term future
LHeC: electron-proton colliderRR LHeC:new ring in LHC tunnel,with bypassesaround experiments
RR LHeCe-/e+ injector10 GeV,10 min. filling time
LR LHeC:recirculatinglinac withenergy recovery,or straightLinac 60 GeV
√s ≥ 1.3 TeV
LHeC physics• Precise measurement of structure functions in a
domain relevant for LHCflavour content of proton for all flavours
(u,d,c,s,b,t) and for the antiquarks• Precise measurement of EW (ex: sin2 qW) or QCD
(ex: aS) parameters• Very low x (saturation) domain• BSM search in specific domains (right handed
currents, excited leptons, 1st gen, leptoquarks,..) • eA physics
CDR (physics + machine) submitted last week : arXiv:1206.2913
HE-LHC
Double (or even x 2.5) LHC energy
16 to 20 Teslas magnet compatible in size with LHC tunnel
HE-LHC parameters
44
Possible magnet cross section
HE-LHC – LHC modifications
2-GeV Booster
Linac4
SPS+,1.3 TeV
HE-LHC 2030?
S. Myers ECFA-EPS, Grenoble 47
2012-2013: deciding years….
Experimental data will take the floor to drive the field to the next steps:•LHC results•q13 (T2K, DChooz, RENO, DayaBay,..) ✔•n masses/nature (Cuore, Gerda, Nemo…)•Dark Matter searches•Sky surveys (Fermi, Planck…..)
49
European Strategy Update
• Update of Strategy defined in 2007• Process to be launched in the next weeks• Time scale defined by LHC results
– meeting 10-12 September 2012 in Krakow– Finalisation spring 2013
In conclusion
Hard work and a lot of good results Integrated luminosity records Great Performance of accelerator & experiments Grid computing outperforming its specs So, what’s next ?
(Courtesy of S. Bertolucci)
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