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Teen 1 STUDENT’S BOOKLET
Inglês • 7.o ano • Nível 3
BOOKLET
7n
2
CONTENTSÍNDICE
Unit 1 Physical description..........................................3
Names of countries.........................................4Music....................................................................4Numbers.............................................................5
Unit 1 Personal pronouns...........................................17
Verb to be..........................................................17
Indefinite article...............................................18
Possessive determiners..................................18
Adjective..........................................................18
Unit 2 Simple present: regular verbs......................19
Present continuous..........................................19
Interrogative pronouns...................................20
Interrogative adverbs....................................20
Interrogative determiners..............................20
Adverbs of frequency....................................20
Unit 3 Conditional sentences...................................20
Modal verbs.....................................................21
Simple past: to be...........................................22
Simple past: regular verbs............................22
Unit 2 Daily Routine......................................................5Food......................................................................6
Hobbies...............................................................6Sports..................................................................7
Unit 3 School...............................................................7Types of schools..............................................7
Subjects........................................................8
Facilities/rooms..............................................8
School objects / materials..............................8
Activities.....................................................9
People.............................................................9
Unit 4 The family...........................................................9The house.........................................................10
Unit 4 Personal pronouns: object.............................24
Adjectives: comparative...............................24
Simple past: irregular verbs.........................25
Possessive case..............................................25
Unit 5 Prepositions of time........................................26
Prepositions of place.......................................27
Prepositions of movement............................27
Adjectives: superlative...................................27
Verbs: past continuous...................................28
Unit 6 Verbs: present perfect....................................28
Relative pronouns............................................29
Noun plurals.....................................................30
Unit 7 Imperative..........................................................31
Future: going to...............................................31
Future: will.........................................................31
Indefinite adjectives and pronouns............32
Indefinite adverbs and pronouns.................32
Unit 5 The city..............................................................11
Shops / stores...................................................11
Means of transport.........................................12
Weather.............................................................12
Unit 6 Holidays..............................................................13
Places/destinations..........................................13
Activities............................................................13
Description of places....................................13
Working places................................................14
Jobs....................................................................14
Unit 7 Hallowe’en........................................................14
Christmas and New Year...............................15
Saint Valentine’s Day......................................16
Independence Day..........................................16
GLOSSARY BASIC GRAMMARPág. Pág.
GLOSSARY
3
Eyes olhos
long compridas
strong fortes
thin magras
short curtas
blue azuis
small pequenos
big grandes
brown castanhos
dark negros
hazel verdes
GLOSSARY
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONDESCRIÇÃO DE PESSOAS
fat gordo/forte
strongly-built bem constituído
slim/slender elegante
thin magro
large grande
small pequena
smiling sorridente
serious séria
long (conk) comprido (penca)
short curto
turned-up arrebitado
pointed pontiagudo
round redondo
pale pálida
dark escura
brown morena
light clara
wavy ondulado
curly frisado, encaracolado
short curto
long longo
light claro
dark escuro
black negro
blond/fair loiro
brown castanho
red ruivo
pony tail rabo de cavalo
tall alto
short / small baixo
of medium height médio
long compridos
short curtos
round redonda
square quadrada
rectangular rectangular
Body corpo
Height altura
Arms braços
Legs pernas
Face cara
Mouth boca
Nose nariz
Skin/Complexion pele
Hair cabelo
He’s quite handsome. He’s of medium height, his skin is pale. He’s got blue eyesand straight fair hair. His nose is a bit pointed. He isn’t slim but he isn’t fat either.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 1 Who is who?
GLOSSARY
4
NAMES OF COUNTRIESNOMES DE PAÍSES
MUSICMÚSICA
An Englishman – um inglêsAn Englishwoman – uma inglesaA Scot / Scotsman – um escocêsAn Irishman – um irlandêsA Welshman – um galês
NOTICE
Nowadays many teenagers play musical instruments. Boy and girl bands are becoming more and more popular. They play popmusic. They have their favourite bands and buy their CDs. This is commercial music. Others prefer listening to classical music;most children learn how to play the piano, the recorder or the violin. They sometimes go to concerts and join in school choirs.
EXAMPLES
England – EnglishInglaterra – inglês/esa
Scotland – Scottish Escócia – escocês/esa
Wales – Welsh País de Gales – galês/esa
Germany – GermanAlemanha – alemão/alemã
Austria – Austrian Áustria – austríaco/a
Canada – CanadianCanadá – canadiano/a
Australia – AustralianAustralia – australiano/a
France – FrenchFrança – francês/esa
recorderflauta de bisel
pianopiano
guitarguitarra
saxophonesaxofone
clarinetclarinete
cellovioloncelo
bassbaixo
keyboard keyboard/teclado
violinviolino
Switzerland – Swiss Suíça – suíço/a
Poland – Polish Polónia – polaco/a
Spain – Spanish Espanha – espanhol/a
India – Indian Índia – indiano/a
Portugal – PortuguesePortugal – português/esa
Northern Ireland – IrishIrlanda do Norte – irlandês/esa
Republic of Ireland / Eire – IrishRepública da Irlanda – irlandês/esa
United States of America – American Estados Unidos da América – americano/a
countrycountry
classicalclássica
choralcoral
poppop
rock rock
jazzjazz
alternativealternativa
metalmetal
orchestraorquestra
conductormaestro
band banda
singercantor/a
vocalistvocalista
playersinstrumentistas
groupsgrupos
Countries países
Countriespaíses
Types tipos
People pessoas
Musical instrumentsinstrumentos musicais
United Kingdom Reino Unido
GLOSSARY
5
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty--one
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one / ahundred
I usually get up at 7.30when the alarm clockrings. My classes begin at8.30 every day. I don’thave any classes onSaturday. We generallyhave lunch at 1.30, when Iget home from school andwe have dinner at 8o’clock in the evening. Atweekends I always get uparound 10 and go to bedlater at night. Most shopsopen at 9 am and close at5.30 pm.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 2 Life is tough!
It’s 3 o’clock = it’s 3 am/3 pm.São três horas.
It’s 10 o’clock = it’s 10 pm. São dez horas.
It’s 12 o’clock.São doze horas = é meio dia.
It’s 3.30 – it’s half past 3.São três e meia.
It’s 10.45 – it’s ten forty five= it’s a quarter to eleven.São dez e quarenta e cinco = é um quarto para as onze.
It’s 6.20 – it’s twenty past six.São seis e vinte.
8.50 – it’s ten to nine=it’s eight fifty.São dez para as nove / oito e cinquenta.
12.00 am = midday/noonmeio-dia am = before midday
It’s 3.15 – it’s a quarter past 3.São três e um quarto.
12.00 pm = midnightmeia-noite pm = post midday
NUMBERSNÚMEROS
DAILY ROUTINEROTINA DIÁRIA
get washedlavar-se
sleepdormir
wake upacordar
have breakfast tomar o pequeno almoço
have dinner / dinejantar
comb one’s hairpentear-se
have lunchalmoçar
get dressedvestir-se
get uplevantar-se
wrist watch relógio de pulso
church clockrelógio de igreja
grandfather clock relógio de caixa alta
alarm clockdespertador
digital clockrelógio digital
sunset pôr-do-sol
morningmanhã
afternoontarde
nightnoite
sunrisenascer do sol
evening (5 pm-9 pm)tardinha/noite
Daily routinerotina diária
Clocksrelógios
Timetempo
GLOSSARY
6
Nowadays most people take care about the food they eat. Teenagers love fast food but they also try not to put on too muchweight. They have light breakfasts and avoid greasy food like chips. Some prefer yoghurts and milk to meat or fish. In generalhamburgers and crisps are still popular among teenagers. Older people prefer traditional food, soup, meat or fish and a lot ofvegetables and fruit. Some British people are vegetarian.
EXAMPLES
breakfast pequeno almoço
lunch almoço
tea chá
dinner jantar
supper ceia ou jantar
snack refeição ligeira
traditional food comida tradicional
fast food comida pronta a comer
vegetarian food comida vegetariana
exotic food comida exótica
take away comida para levar para casa
restaurant restaurante
café café
coffee shop casa de chá
cafeteria cafetaria
sweet shop confeitaria, pastelaria
pub bar
Types tipos Meals refeições
HOBBIES/SPORTSPASSATEMPOS FAVORITOS/DESPORTOS
computer gamesjogos de computador
listening to musicouvir música
spare timetempos livres
weekendsfins-de-semana
holidaysférias
leisurelazer
pastimespassatempos
gamesjogos
readingleitura
writing lettersescrever cartas
surfing the netnavegar na net
playing cardsjogar às cartas
watching TVver TV
cinemacinema
paintingpintura
dancingdança
dramateatro
knittingfazer malha
cookingcozinhar
Food produtos
• milk leite• bread pão• butter manteiga• corn flakes flocos de aveia• coffee café• fruit fruta
• yoghurt iogurte• eggs ovos• cheese queijo• ham fiambre• meat carne• fish peixe
• vegetables legumes• chips batatas fritas• soup sopa• fruit juice sumo de fruta• beer cerveja• wine vinho
FOODCOMIDA
Placeslocais
Hobbiespassatempos favoritos
GLOSSARY
7
My school report was excellent thisterm.We will use the school bus for thestudy trip.I hope I don’t fail this year. Mymarks were not very good.
EXAMPLES
Mark goes to a boarding school. Heonly comes home at the weekend.When I finish secondary school, Iwant to go to university.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 3 School
SCHOOLESCOLA
homeworktrabalho de casa
timetablehorário
failreprovar
study / field tripvisita de estudo
breakintervalo
classturma
termperíodo
school busautocarro escolar
testteste
marknota
passpassar
examexame
essaytrabalho escrito
bellcampainha
lessonslições / aulas
school report boletim escolar
swimmingnatação
hockeyhóquei
bike ridingandar de
bicicleta/ciclismo
tennisténis
gymnasticsginástica
basketballbasquetebol
athleticsatletismo
karatekaraté
football/soccerfutebol
horse ridingequitação
surfingsurf
mountaineeringmontanhismo
skiingski
Most teenagers spend their spare time doingsome hobbies or practising sports.The most popular hobbies nowadays arecomputer games or surfing the net. Thosewho are not so keen on technology watch TVor listen to music. At school they play foot-ball, basketball or volleyball. At the weekendthey go jogging, mountaineering, swimmingor bike riding.
EXAMPLES
joggingjogging
kindergarten / nursery schooljardim infantil
middle school / junior high schoolescola do 2º e 3º. ciclo
university / college ensino superior
private schoolescola privada
state schoolescola pública
special schoolescola de educação especial
secondary school / high school (US)escola secundária
boarding schoolcolégio interno
primary / elementary school (US)escola primária / 1º. ciclo
preparatory schoolescola preparatória
Sportsdesportos
Schoolescola
Types of schoolstipos de escolas
GLOSSARY
8
microscopemicroscópio
chalkgiz
school uniformuniforme escolar
computercomputadordesk
carteira
dictionarydicionário
overhead projectorretroprojector
watercoloursaguarelas
pen caneta
training shoes / trainers (inf.)sapatilhas
pencillápis
notebookcaderno de apontamentos
I didn’t play football today becauseI forgot my training shoes.Today my satchel is very heavy. I’mcarrying three notebooks and twodictionaries.In my opinion, school uniformsare not a good idea.
EXAMPLES
Our Arts room is really great. I also love the gym.Our students’ common room isn’t big. When we don’t have classes, we like to go to the video room and the library.
classroomsala de aula
swimming poolpiscina
students’ common roomsala dos alunos
headteacher’s studysala do director / Presidente
teacher’s staff roomsala de professores
barbar playground
recreio
termperíodo
school officesecretaria
Arts roomsala de Educação Visual
laboratorylaboratório
librarybiblioteca
gymginásio
football fieldcampo de futebol
video roomsala de vídeo
receptionrecepção
toiletscasas de banho
CraftsworkTrabalhos Manuais
HistoryHistória
MusicMúsica
MathsMatemática
BiologyBiologia
GermanAlemão
FrenchFrancês
Religious EducationReligião e Moral
GeographyGeografia
EnglishInglês
ChemistryQuímica
PortuguesePortuguês
ArtArte / Educação Visual
Physical Education (P.E.)Educação Física
EXAMPLES
Subjectsdisciplinas
Facilities / roomsinstalações / salas / divisões
School objects / materialmaterial escolar
GLOSSARY
9
dance clubclube de dança
English clubclube de Inglês
journaljornal
music clubclube de música
sports clubclube de desporto
exhibitionexposição
quizconcurso
drama clubclube de teatro
competitioncompetição, prova
environment clubclube do ambiente
pottery clubclube de olaria
multimedia clubclube de multimédia
teacherprofessor
pupilaluno
studentestudante
classmatecolega de turma
school secretaryfuncionário de secretaria
school pal colega
classmatecolega de turma
form teacherdirector de turma
form leaderdelegado de turma
partnercompanheiro de carteira
This year all my classmates are great, especially my partner.We are making a journal for the English club.Rui is our form leader. Everybody likes him.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 4 Home sweet home!
THE FAMILYA FAMÍLIA
daughterfilha
fatherpai
sonfilho
childrenfilhos
grandfatheravô
grandmotheravó
mothermãe
sisterirmã
brotherirmão
nephewsobrinho
mother-in-lawsogra
cousinprimo
aunttia
uncletio
sister-in-lawcunhada
godmothermadrinhain-laws
parentes por afinidade
godfatherpadrinho
brother-in-lawcunhado
father-in-lawsogro
niecesobrinha
My family is quite big. There are six of us at home. My father is 42, my mother is 40. There are three children, two sons and adaughter. My grandmother is also living with us. My grandfather died last year.Uncle Tom and aunt Nina live in the neighbourhood with my cousins, Jim and Laura.
EXAMPLES
birth nascimento
baptism / christening baptismo
birthday dia de anos
wedding casamento
divorce divórcio
death morte
Activitiesactividades
Peoplepessoas
The familya família
Relativesparentes
GLOSSARY
10
council housecasa da câmara
ceilingtecto
rooftelhado
wallparede
windowjanela
gateportão
gardenjardim
chimneychaminé
floorchão (dentro de casa)
doorporta
THE HOUSEA CASA
cottagecasa de campo
detached housemoradia
bungalowmoradia num só piso
terraced housecasa térrea
semi-detached housecasa geminada
manor housecasa senhorial
block of flatsbloco de apartamentos/prédio
pantrydispensa
kitchencozinha
bathroomcasa de banho
living roomsala comum
children’s roomquarto das crianças
bedroomquarto de cama
drawing roomsala de visitas
cellarcave
dining roomsala de jantar
studyescritório
fridgefrigorífico
vacuum cleaner / hooveraspirador
TV setaparelho de televisãohi-fi system
aparelhagem de som
freezerarca congeladora
ovenforno
cooker / stovefogão
washing machinemáquina de lavar roupa
dishwashermáquina de lavar loiça
sofasofá
bedcama
cupboardarmário
bedside tablemesa de cabeceira
closet / fitted wardrobeguarda-fatos
chest of drawerscómodaarmchair
maplesinkbanca
tablemesa
bookcaseestante
chaircadeira
carpettapete
picturequadro
shelfprateleira
fireplacefogão de sala
coffee tablemesinha de café
ornamentbibelot
clockrelógio
mirrorespelho
curtaincortina
lampcandeeiro
vasevaso
I love my house. It’s my sanctuary, where I feel at home. It’s cosy andwarm. It’s a detached house with a small garden, near the woods. Ithas got six rooms. The kitchen is quite large and we have our mealsthere. We’ve got all modern appliances and the furniture is simple.
EXAMPLES
Types of housestipos de casas
Roomsdivisões
Furnituremobília
Electrical applianceselectrodomésticos
Decoration decoração
Parts of the housespartes da casa
GLOSSARY
11
My mother likes to shop in big shopping malls such as Harrods because she can find everything she needs there.Paul avoids going to hypermarkets. He prefers to shop in his neighbourhood shops, such as the grocer’s and the butcher’s.Where’s the chemist’s? I need to buy a pill for my headache.
menswear shoploja de modas (homem)
drugstoredrogaria
grocer’s mercearia
stationerypapelaria
greengrocer’spomar
chemist’sfarmácia
hypermarkethipermercado
supermarketsupermercado
music shopartigos musicais
sweetshoppastelaria
baker’s padaria
women’s clothes loja de modas (senhoras)
newsagent’s tabacaria
butcher’s talho
fishmonger’speixaria
bookshoplivraria
ironmonger’s / hardware store (US)loja de utensílios domésticos / ferragens
UNIT 5 Places around you
THE CITYA CIDADE
buildingedifício
hospitalhospital
theatreteatro
cinemacinema
avenueavenida
squarepraça
street(s)rua(s)
parkparque
corneresquina
marketmercado
hostelestalagem
hotelhotel
gardenjardim
churchigreja
bridgeponte
museummuseu
youth hostelalbergue de juventude
shopping mallcentro comercial
post officecorreios
police stationesquadra
skyscraperarranha-céus
restaurantrestaurante
When we visited London last month we stayed in a youth hostel.I must go the post office to receive a package. My sister lives in a block of flats, next to the park. There is a bus stop right in front of her building.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
The city a cidade
Shop / storeslojas / armazéns
bus stopparagem de autocarro
block of flatsbloco de apartamentos
GLOSSARY
12
take the second turning on the left/rightvirar na segunda rua à esquerda/direita
bus autocarro
carcarro
traincomboio
lorrycamião
undergroundmetropolitano
motorbikemotocicleta
shipbarco
vancarrinha
taxitáxi
bicyclebicicleta
planeavião
A car is faster and probably safer but I preferthe bicycle. When I need to travel longerdistances I use the train.The undeground is the fastest way to movearound in the city. The bus is also efficient,but not as fast.
EXAMPLES
To get to the museum you need to turn left, walkalong the street and go through the park. Then,cross the bridge and take the second turning onthe right. The museum is opposite the hospital.
EXAMPLES
go straight onseguir em frente
turn leftvirar à esquerda
turn rightvirar à direita
walk up the streetsubir a rua
go through the parkir através do parque
cross the bridgeatravessar a ponte
go along the streetseguir ao longo da rua
walk down the streetdescer a rua
Directions direcções
Adjectives adjectivos
• rainy chuvoso• cloudy nublado• stormy tempestuoso• sunny solarengo• heavy forte
• light leve, fraco, desanuveado• snowy nevado• windy ventoso• cool fresco• cold frio
• damp húmido• wet molhado• fine bom• dry seco• hot muito quente
• warm quente• northern de norte• southern de sul• eastern de leste• western de oeste
• forecast previsão• fog nevoeiro• sleet granizo• shower aguaceiro• thunder trovão• wind vento• lightning relâmpago• storm tempestade• sun sol• cloud nuvem• rain chuva
• winter Inverno• summer Verão• autumn Outono• spring Primavera• heat calor• climate clima• hurricane ciclone• north norte• south sul• east este• west oeste
WEATHERTEMPO ATMOSFÉRICO
The forecast says there will be thunder and lightning tomorrow morning, but it will be fine in the afternoon.What’s the weather like in your region?It’s usually sunny and warm this time of the year, but in winter it is always cloudy and very cold.
EXAMPLES
Means of transportmeios de transporte
GLOSSARY
13
awful horrível
dirty sujo
noisy barulhento
dull monótono
dangerous perigoso
uninteresting desinteressante
unpleasant desagradável
polluted poluído
boring aborrecido
beachpraia
monumentsmonumentos
desertdeserto
islandilha
mountainsmontanhas
coastcosta
relax / restdescontrair-se / descansar sail
velejaradmire landscapes
admirar paisagenscamp
acampar
ruinsruínas
lakelago
citycidade
practise sportspraticar desporto
get a suntanbronzear-se
take photostirar fotografias
sit in a cafésentar-se num café
country(side)campo
indoor spacesespaços fechados
go on a safarifazer um safari
explore wild regions explorar regiões selvagens
have fundivertir-se
flyvoarenjoy peace and quiet
desfrutar de paz e sossego
go to a disco / the casinoir a uma discoteca / casino
go sightseeingvisitar (locais famosos ou interessantes)
sea(side)(beira-)mar
river(side)(beira-)rio
open spacesespaços ao ar livre
UNIT 6 To work or not to work
HOLIDAYSFÉRIAS
I’ve decided to spend these summer holidays at the seaside.Mark likes to explore wild regions but his wife prefers to go sightseeing.You will risk your health if you spend too much time lying in the sun to get a suntan.I don’t like anything too dangerous or exciting during my holidays. All I want is to enjoy peace and quiet.
EXAMPLES
DESCRIPTION OF PLACESDESCRIÇÃO DE LUGARES
beautiful belo
peaceful sossegado
pleasant agradável
entertaining divertido
green verdejante
relaxing repousante
clean limpo
exciting excitante
Positive positivo Negative negativo
Places / destinationslugares / destinos
Activitiesactividades
GLOSSARY
14
broomvassoura
candlevela
sweetdoce
costumefato
ghostfantasma
lanternlanterna
witchbruxa
goblinduende maléfico
pumpkinabóbora
wizardfeiticeiro
All HallowsTodos-os-Santos
nightmarepesadelo
mummymúmia
trickpartida
beachpraia
maskmáscara
UNIT 7 Let’s celebrate!
HALLOWE’EN – 31st OctoberDIA DAS BRUXAS – 31 de Outubro
WORKTRABALHO
Jobs profissões / ocupações
• actor actor
• actress actriz
• astronaut astronauta
• pilot piloto
• boss patrão
• cameraman operador de câmara
• pianist pianista
• policeman polícia
• psychiatrist psiquiatra
• reporter repórter
• secretary secretária
• singer cantor
• shop-assistant empregado(a)
• inventor inventor
• journalist jornalista
• lawyer advogado
• manager gerente
• model modelo
• musician músico
• painter pintor
• writer escritor
• photographer fotógrafo
• dentist dentista
• detective detective
• plumber canalizador
• doctor / physician médico
• driver motorista
• electrician electricista
• executive executivo
• fisherman pescador
• fireman bombeiro
• gardener jardineiro
• dancer dançarino
• cook cozinheiro
• coach treinador
• dustman homem do lixo, varredor
• shopkeeper comerciante, lojista
• mechanic mecânico
courttribunal
bankbanco
stagepalco
surgeryconsultório
companycompanhia, firma
factoryfábrica
shoploja
studioestúdio
officeescritório
Working placeslocais de trabalho
Hallowe’endia das bruxas
GLOSSARY
15
chimneychaminé
Father ChristmasPai Natal
coalcarvão
North PolePólo Norte
reindeerrena sack / bag
saco
fireplacelareira
sleightrenó
presentspresentes
Saint NicholasS. Nicolau
stockingmeia, peúga
toysbrinquedos
Verbs verbos Adjectives adjectivos
• to frighten / scare assustar• to knock on the door bater à porta• to play a trick (on) pregar uma partida (a)• to scream / shout / yell gritar• to wear vestir• to carve esculpir
• funny engraçado• amusing divertido• frightening / scary / spooky assustador• strange estranho• traditional tradicional• cross zangado
On Hallowe’en, kids wearcostumes, knock on doorsand say ‘Trick or treat’.People carve pumpkinsand put candles inside tomake them look scary.
EXAMPLES
Boxing Day is a holiday on the firstweekday after Christmas.Some children believe Santa Clauscomes down the chimney onChristmas Eve and leaves a present inthe stocking they put on the fireplace.
EXAMPLES
CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR25th December and 1st January DIA DE NATAL E DE ANO NOVO – 25 de Dezembro e 1 de Janeiro
Boxing Day 26 de Dezembro
Christmas Eve Véspera de Natal
New Year’s Eve Véspera de Ano Novo
New Year’s Day Dia de Ano Novo
Dates datas
Customs and traditions costumes e tradições
• Christmas cards cartões de Natal• Christmas decorations decorações de Natal• Christmas carols canções de Natal• Christmas greetings saudações de Natal
• Christmas tree árvore de Natal• (boughs) of holly (ramos de) azevinho• midnight mass missa da meia-noite• New Year’s resolutions resoluções de Ano Novo
• mistletoe visco• tinsel ouropel• snow neve• crib presépio
Santa Claus / Father ChristmasPai Natal
GLOSSARY
16
Countries países
The Christmas tree looks beautiful withtinsel and snow.Mince pie and Christmas pudding aremy favourite food at Christmas.On New Year’s Eve people drink a toastand make New Year’s resolutions.
EXAMPLES
kissbeijo
giftpresente
patron saintsanto padroeiro
soul alma
surprisesurpresa
heartcoração
darling / sweetheartquerido/a, adorado/a
dateencontro
girlfriendnamorada
Valentinepostal de S. Valentim
o/a eleito/a
postbox / letter boxmarco / caixa do correio
boyfriendnamorado
SAINT VALENTINE’S DAY14th February DIA DE S. VALENTIM – 14 de Fevereiro
INDEPENDENCE DAY 4th of July DIA DA INDEPENDÊNCIA – 4 de Julho
toastbrinde
raisinsuvas passas
Christmas cakebolo de Natal
Christmas puddingpudim de Natal
Verbs verbos
• to cry chorar• to fall in love apaixonar-se• to love amar, gostar muito• to lie mentir
• to miss sentir falta (de)• to need precisar• to send enviar• to share partilhar
• to sign assinar• to smile sorrir
colonycolónia
paradeparada
bandbanda
picnicpiquenique
fireworksfogo-de-artifício
barbecuechurrasco
declarationdeclaração
flagbandeira
(roast) turkeyperu (assado)
mince piepastel com recheio de frutas
Foodcomida
Nounsnomes
BASIC GRAMMAR
17
we
you
they
Plural
I
you
he
she
it
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPRONOMES PESSOAIS
Subject
Singular
I am Portuguese.Do you play the piano?He is English.She can play the guitar.We don’t speak English.They love ice cream.
EXAMPLES
BASIC GRAMMARUNIT 1 Who is who?
VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENTVERBO TO BE – PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
As respostas curtas são:
Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. Yes, they are. No, they’re not = they aren’t.
Usa-se o verbo to be, em certas condições, quando falamos de:
naturalidade – I’m from Porto. distância – It’s 50 km from here.
idade – I’m thirteen. preço – It’s $2.
altura – I’m 1 metre 50. horas – It’s 4.30.
peso – I’m 50 kilos. datas – It’s 4th July today.
tamanho – This room is 20 square metres. fome, sede, cansaço – I’m hungry. I’m thirsty. I’m tired.
I’m English.He’s Spanish.We’re students.He isn’t tired.They aren’t Portuguese.Are you French?Is he hungry?Are they ill?
EXAMPLES
T7B-2
Simple Present (To Be)
I’m
you’re
he’s
she’s
it’s
we’re
you’re
they’re
=
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
?
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Am
Are
Is
Are
=
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
not not
‘m
‘re
‘s
‘re
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
BASIC GRAMMAR
18
our
your
their
Plural
my
your
his
her
its
POSSESSIVE DETERMINERSDETERMINANTES POSSESSIVOS
Possessive determiners
Singular
What’s your address?My mother is a teacher.His uncle works for ‘Virgin’.Our house is quite big.Have you got your tickets?They lost their books.
EXAMPLES
utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam porconsoante.
utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam porvogal.
ana
• antes de palavras começadas por y, u (som j) e w não se deve utilizar “an”.He’s got a yellow pullover.Is there a university here?England is a European country.She’s a wonderful teacher.
• antes de h (h mudo) utiliza-se “an”.The plane arrives in an hour.He’s an honest man.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLEO ARTIGO INDEFINIDO
ADJECTIVEADJECTIVO
We’ve got a big car.Take a seat!A sandwich, please.
EXAMPLES
Take an umbrella. It’s going to rain.Give me an example, please.I’d like an ice cream, please.
EXAMPLES
a blue dress three blue dressesa beautiful house two beautiful housesit’s very heavy they are very heavy
EXAMPLES
a fat woman an expensive housea young man a modern cara beautiful story a heavy satchel
EXAMPLES
Não se utiliza “a” ou “an” no plural.Boys and girls go to the school bar regularly.He buys books every month.
NOTA
Pode-se usar mais de um adjectivo antes do substantivo semand entre eles.It’s a new English dictionary.She’s a nice young woman.
NOTA
O adjectivo vem sempre depois do verbo to be.She’s slim and smart.He is late.They are angry.
NOTA
• O adjectivo é invariável em inglês. É igual no mascu-lino, feminino e plural.
• O adjectivo vem sempre antes do substantivo (pessoa,lugar ou coisa).
BASIC GRAMMAR
19
am not
are not (aren’t)
is not (isn’t)
are not (aren’t)
Do
Does
Do
Com o presente do indicativo usam-se advérbios de tempo como:always • often • usually • sometimes • rarely • generally • normally • seldom • frequently • never • regularly • etc.
NOTA
UNIT 2 Life is tought!
SIMPLE PRESENT: REGULAR VERBSVERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
notwork =
Affirmative Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
work
works
work
Interrogative
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
do
does
do
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
work work?
don’t
doesn’t
don’t
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
PRESENT CONTINUOUSVERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
Affirmative Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
Am
Are
Is
Are
Interrogative
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
sleeping. sleeping. sleeping?
AffirmativeWe go to school every day.She loves ice-creams.I live in Oporto.He often drives to work.He lives in Baker Street.
NegativeWe don’t go to school by bus.She doesn’t speak English.I don’t like bananas.
InterrogativeDoes she usually wear bikinis?Do they listen to music?Do you like football?
EXAMPLES
Verbos terminados em: consonant + -y – acrescenta-se -ies cry – cries-sh, -s, -ch, -x – acrescenta-se -es wash – washes
-o – acrescenta-se -es go – goes
NOTA
BASIC GRAMMAR
20
QUESTION WORDSPERGUNTAS
Interrogative PronounsPronomes interrogativos
Interrogative AdverbsAdvérbios interrogativos
Interrogative DeterminersDeterminantes interrogativos
Who… ?
What… ?
Which… ?
Where… ?
When… ?
Why… ?
How… ?
What... ?
Which (of them)... ?
How many… ?
São constituídas por duas orações – a oração condicional (if-clause) e a oração principal (main-clause) – traduzindo,como o próprio nome indica, condições, isto é, situações que podem acontecer, levando a determinados resultados.
Quando a if-clause surge no simple present, podem ocorrer duas situações na main clause:
1.
Este tipo de frase traduz hábitos, situações repetidas com frequência, factos tidos como verdadeiros.
If + Simple Present --------------------- Simple Present (TYPE 0)
Usam-se com interrogativas directas, para formular perguntas.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCYADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA
usually
often
regularly
always
sometimes
every day
seldom
rarely
never
occasionally
Usam-se para indicar uma acção frequente, um hábito.
UNIT 3 School
CONDITIONAL SENTENCESFRASES CONDICIONAIS
O present continuous usa-se para indicar acções que estão a decor-rer no momento em que se está a falar. Também serve para indicarum hábito que nos incomoda ou é negativo. O present continuous éusado ainda quando nos referimos a uma acção futura já planeada.
As respostas curtas são:
While Lisa is studying, Joe is listening to music.She’s always teasing me.Mum is talking on the phone to her friendMaureen.Who’s knocking on the door?Are you leaving now?She’s travelling to Paris next week.I’m staying at home tonight.
EXAMPLES
Yes, I am.
Yes, he is.
Yes, we are.
No, I’m not.
No, he isn’t.
No, we aren’t.
BASIC GRAMMAR
21
2.
Usamos frases deste tipo para exprimir forte possibilidade / probabilidade.
If + Simple Present ------------------ will + infinitive (TYPE 1)will not (won’t) + infinitive
Nas orações condicionais TIPO 0, a conjunção if tem o significado de when(ever) (quando, sempre que).
NOTA
If (= When) I don’t have anyone to go out with, I stay at home. I spend the summer holidays at home.If (= When) it’s cold, I don’t go out so often.If (= When) it rains a lot, it is very dangerous to drive fast.
EXAMPLES
If you don’t behave, you won’t (will not) have bacon and eggs for breakfast tomorrow.If I have the courage, I’ll ask Doris to marry me.Melissa will miss the beginning of the class if she doesn’t hurry.If you come with me, you won’t (will not) be late for class.
EXAMPLES
MODAL VERBSVERBOS MODAIS
not =
Affirmative Negativecan
could
may
might
will
would
shall
should
must
Can
Could
May
Might
Will
Would
Shall
Should
Must
Interrogative
I
can
could
may
might
will
would
shall
should
must
I I I ?
can’t / cannot
couldn’t
—
mightn’t
won’t
wouldn’t
shan’t
shouldn’t
mustn’t
She can play the guitar. He cannot swim.Would you do me a favour? May I open the window, sir?It might rain today. Could you bring me that chair?We must go now. You should go to the dentist.They shouldn’t speak so loud.
EXAMPLES
Os verbos modais:• são sempre seguidos do infinitivo de outro verbo;• nunca levam -s na 3.a pessoa do singular;• não se formam com auxiliar na negativa e interrogativa.
NOTA Usam-se para indicar, por exemplo:
capacidade ability: can, could
permissão permission: can, may
dever duty: should
probabilidade probability: can, might
pedido request: can, could, would
possibilidade possibility: can
necessidade necessity: must (have to)
obrigação obligation: must (have to)
proibição prohibition: mustn’t
oferta offer: can, would, shall
BASIC GRAMMAR
22
Yes, we / you / they were.No, we / you / they were not (weren’t).
Was
Were
Was
Were
• O verbo to be não precisa de verbo auxiliarpara formar a negativa e a interrogativa.
• Ao contrário do que acontece com osoutros verbos, no simple past o verbo tobe apresenta duas formas diferentes: wase were.
VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PAST
AffirmativeI
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
was
were
was
were
not =
Negative Interrogative
?
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
was
were
was
were
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
wasn’t
weren’t
wasn’t
weren’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Plural
Yes, I was.No, I was not (wasn’t).
Yes, you were.No, you were not (weren’t).
Yes, he/she/it was.No, he/she/it was not (wasn’t).
Singular
short answersrespostas curtas
Who was at the party yesterday?Oh, there were many people there. Were there any friends from school?No, there weren’t any. But, Jane was there with her sister. They were very nice.
EXAMPLES
Simple Past (To Be)
Yes, we / you / they did.No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).
AffirmativeI
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
visited
visited
visited
notvisit =
Negative InterrogativeI
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
did
did
did
Did
Did
Did
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
didn’t
didn’t
didn’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Plural
Yes, I / you did.No, I / you did not (didn’t).
Yes, he / she / it did.No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).
Singular
short answersrespostas curtas
SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
visit visit?
BASIC GRAMMAR
23
• A interrogativa faz-se com did + sujeito + infinitivo.
• A negativa faz-se com did + not + infinitivo.
• Usa-se o simple past para descrever acções iniciadas e acabadas num tempo passado, definido pelo contexto oupor algumas expressões de texto:
• O simple past dos verbos regulares é igual em todas as pessoas.
– yesterday– last (summer / year / Christmas / month / week(end) / Sunday / night)– (two hours / five days / three weeks / six months / a year) ago
Today I didn’t travel to school by bus. My mother decided to drive me.Did you talk to your teacher about the test? Yes, we did. She agreed with us.
EXAMPLES
a) Aos verbos terminados em -e acrescentamos só -d:
b) Os verbos terminados em consoante + -y mudam o -y final para -ie antes de -d:
Compara:
c) Os verbos de uma sílaba terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante dobram a consoante final antes de -ed:
Compara:
d) Os verbos com mais de uma sílaba só dobram a consoante final antes de -ed se a sílaba tónica for a última:
Compara:
e) Todos os verbos terminados em -el dobram, no inglês britânico, o -l final antes de -ed:
to cancel cancelledto rebel rebelledto travel travelled
to listen listenedto remember remembered
to permit permittedto refer referredto regret regretted
to join joinedto explain explained
to grab grabbedto plan plannedto stop stopped
to enjoy enjoyedto play played
to copy copiedto study studiedto worry worried
to dance dancedto live livedto prepare prepared
NOTAS
• Para formarmos o simple past de verbos regulares, acrescentamos -(e)d à forma infinitiva.
BASIC GRAMMAR
24
Usa-se para comparar duas pessoas ou coisas.
Acrescenta-se -er ao adjectivo quando ele tem uma sílaba ou duas, terminando em -er, -le ou -y.
ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVEADJECTIVOS: COMPARATIVO
Se o adjectivo é longo, com duas, três ou mais sílabas, acrescenta-se more.
This programme is even more boring than the other. The film is more interesting than the book.Maths is more difficult than Portuguese. The countryside is more beautiful than the city.
EXAMPLES
The Smiths are richer than the Jones. English is easier than German.Mary is smarter than her brother. Her hair is darker than yours.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 4 Home sweet home!
us
you
them
Plural
me
you
him
her
it
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: OBJECTPRONOMES PESSOAIS: COMPLEMENTO
Object
Singular
She called me a liar. If you like them, take them.He came with her to the party. Speak to him.Can you help us? I’m speaking to you.
EXAMPLES
Estes pronomes são geralmente utilizados na função de complemento directo, indirecto ou a seguir a uma preposição.
The book is better than the film. I’m worse at sports than at languages.That restaurant is good but the other is much better.
EXAMPLES
Bad e good formam comparativos irregulares.
Para comparar também se pode usar as... as, not as... as or not so... as.
She’s as nice as her sister. April is not as warm as June. Simon is not so tall as Vera.
EXAMPLES
BASIC GRAMMAR
25
Usa-se para indicar posse quando o possuidor é uma pessoa.
Coloca-se um ’s (apóstrofo + s) após o nome do possuidor.
POSSESSIVE CASECASO POSSESSIVO
Tim’s bicycle is new. Her mother’s dog disappeared.My friend’s house is small. The president’s visit to Britain was successful.João’s telephone number is 270 45 28. The student’s books are there.
EXAMPLES
• Se o nome está no plural e termina em -s, só se acrescenta um ’ (apóstrofo).
The boys’ surname is Jones. The babies’ bottles are in the cupboard.The teachers’ room is over there. The girls’ friends will come at 6.
EXAMPLES
I didn’t bring the new book to class.Did you bring your new satchel?No, I didn’t, but I brought the magazine you wanted to read.
EXAMPLES
Yes, we / you / they did.No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).
• Ao contrário dos verbos regulares, para formarmos a afirmativa do simple past dos verbos irregulares não pode-mos usar uma regra. Assim, é necessário saber antecipadamente qual a forma irregular. Para aprender as formascertas, é melhor consultar a lista de verbos no final do manual.
• A interrogativa e negativa do simple past dos verbos regulares e irregulares formam-se da mesma maneira.
• Tal como nos verbos regulares, o simple past dos verbos irregulares é igual em todas as pessoas.
AffirmativeI
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
went
went
went
notgo =
Negative InterrogativeI
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
did
did
did
Did
Did
Did
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
didn’t
didn’t
didn’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Plural
Yes, I / you did.No, I / you did not (didn’t).Yes, he / she / it did.No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).
Singular
short answersrespostas curtas
SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS
go go?
BASIC GRAMMAR
26
UNIT 5 Places around you
PREPOSITIONS (time)PREPOSIÇÕES (tempo)
usa-se com:
• horas
• celebrações anuais
• weekends / the weekend
• night
at
usa-se com:
• dias (da semana)
• datas
on
I must hurry. My lessons start at 9 a.m. / 9 o’clock.I don’t have to go to school at Christmas or at Easter.I always wake up late at weekends.I never go out at night. It’s very dangerous.
EXAMPLES
usa-se com:
• partes do dia(excepções: at night / on Monday morning)
• meses
• anos
• estações
• séculos
in
I don’t have Geography lessons in the afternoon.We don’t go to school in August.What about you? Do you have classes in summer?I’m going to be a university student in 2007.Don’t be so old-fashioned! Were you born in the 18th century?
EXAMPLES
We don’t have classes on Sunday.Is your birthday on October 15th or October 16th?My English test is on Tuesday morning.They got married on the first day of August.
EXAMPLES
e usam-se para indicar a ordem dasacções (“antes” e “depois”).
afterbeforeI always get up before 8 o’clock.Don’t you feel hungry after a match?
EXAMPLES
usa-se para indicar a duração (período detempo) de uma acção.
duringI like making new friends during the holidays.During the break we talk to each other.
EXAMPLES
• Se o nome acaba em -s e está no singular acrescenta-se ’s.
St. James’s park is beautiful in the summer. Charles’s sister is coming today.Note: Jesus’ life
EXAMPLES
Para indicar posse também se usa of (coisas). That’s the end of the story. The walls of this room need to be painted.
NOTA
• Se o nome está no plural mas não termina em -s acrescenta-se o ’s.
That’s the children’s room. Women’s clothes department.
EXAMPLES
BASIC GRAMMAR
27
PREPOSITIONS (place)PREPOSIÇÕES (lugar)
Usam-se para falar da posição ou lugar de uma pessoa ou objecto.
• Seguem verbos como: be, stand, lie, sit, etc.above behind in on overat below in front of on top of underaway from beside near opposite
The fireplace is in front of the table. There is a basket beside the desk.The bookcase is on the wall. The photo is hanging above the fireplace.The dog is in the garden. The baby is under the chair.
EXAMPLES
PREPOSITIONS (movement)PREPOSIÇÕES (movimento)
Usam-se para indicar movimento, deslocação de uma pessoa ou objecto.across through up down out ofpast along into round / aroundto from from… to towards
To get to the library you must go across the bridge. John walked past me this morning but didn’t see me.Paul ran out of the door and into the street. She climbed to the top of the mountain alone.
EXAMPLES
John is the youngest of the three. Lisbon is the biggest city of Portugal.Estrela is the highest mountain in Portugal.
EXAMPLES
Usam-se para comparar três ou mais pessoas ou coisas.
Se o adjectivo tem uma sílaba ou se termina em -er, -e ou -y acrescenta-se -est ao adjectivo.
ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVEADJECTIVOS: SUPERLATIVO
Se o adjectivo é longo (tem duas sílabas ou mais), usa-se (the) most.
Camões is the most famous Portuguese poet. That is the most interesting chapter of the book.His films are the most exciting I know of.
EXAMPLES
Good e bad têm superlativos irregulares.
He’s the best player in the world. She is the worst actress I know.
EXAMPLES
Em alguns casos, as terminações dos adjectivos sofrem alterações:big – biggest nice – nicest easy – easiesthot – hottest strange – strangest happy – happiest
NOTA
BASIC GRAMMAR
28
VERBS: PAST CONTINUOUS
Affirmative
VERBS: PRESENT PERFECT
Affirmative
was
were
is
were
Interrogative
writing writing?notwriting =
NegativeI
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
writing
wasn’t
weren’t
wasn’t
weren’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
was
were
is
were
Was
Were
Is
Were
Usa-se para indicar uma acção que estava a decorrer em determinada altura no passado ou quando outra ocorreu(simple past).
I was having breakfast when she called. They were playing when the light went off.Were you playing? I wasn’t doing anything when the teacher came in.We were reading when she began to laugh. I wasn’t waiting for you when she arrived.She was working when we came in.
EXAMPLES
Com o past continuous usam-se muitas vezes as conjunções while ou as.
NOTA
UNIT 6 To work or not to work
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
has
have
slept
Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
has
have
notslept =
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
haven’t
hasn’t
haven’t
slept
Interrogative
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Have
Has
Have
slept?
Yes, we / you / they have.No, we / you / they have not (haven’t).
Plural
Yes, I / you have.No,I / you have not (haven’t).
Yes, he / she / it has.No, he / she / it has not (hasn’t).
Singular
short answersrespostas curtas
BASIC GRAMMAR
29
Os pronomes relativos usam-se para ligar frases, dando informação acerca da pessoa ou coisa de que se está a falar.
• WHO, WHICH e THAT substituem substantivos ou pronomes pessoais.
a) WHO / THAT – remetem para pessoas:
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (who / which / that / whose)PRONOMES RELATIVOS
The little girl who / that is crying is lost.Those are the students who / that went on a school trip to Paris last year.
EXAMPLES
• A interrogativa faz-se com have / has + sujeito + particípio passado.
• A negativa faz-se com have / has + not + particípio passado.
• O Present Perfect usa-se, basicamente, em duas situações:1. Para descrever acções que começam no passado, mas que têm uma ligação ao momento presente.
a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: Where have you put my slippers? I have washed my hair.b) Com since e for:
I’ve worked in Oporto since 1996. (I still live in Oporto)My wife has had a job in Coimbra for two years. (She still has that job)Nota: – since + ponto no tempo; – for + período de tempo
2. Para descrever acções passadas sem referência temporal específica.a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: The taxi has arrived.b) Com referências temporais do tipo already, just, still e yet (tempo recente):
I’ve just seen Mary. She has already finished her degree, but she still hasn’t found a job. Maybe she hasn’tlooked in the right places yet...
c) Com ever / never / yet / so far / … : – Have you ever visited China? – No, I’ve never been abroad.d) Com referências a situações habituais / repetidas com frequência: I’ve often talked to her on my way
home. We’ve always discussed this matter with the children.
a) O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual à forma do simple past, isto é, forma-se acrescentando -(e)d ao infinitivo:
b) O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares pode ser……igual à forma do simple past: …diferente do simple past:
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participleto be was beento break broke brokento come came cometo sing sang sungto write wrote written
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participleto buy bought boughtto have had hadto find found foundto spent spent spentto tell told told
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participleto decide decided decidedto invent invented inventedto plan planned plannedto work worked worked
NOTAS
• Para formarmos o present perfect, usamos o verbo auxiliar to have, no simple present, e o particípio passado doverbo principal.
BASIC GRAMMAR
30
• Em inglês, regra geral, o plural dos substantivos forma-se acrescentando -s.
NOUN PLURALSPLURAL DE SUBSTANTIVOS
hammer hammers plane planes tool tools
EXAMPLES
• Os substantivos terminados em -ch, -sh, -o, -(s)s, -x e -z formam o plural com -es.
• Plurais irregulares
a)
child children foot feet goose geeseman men mouse mice ox oxentooth teeth woman women
EXAMPLES
match matches flash flashes tomato tomatoesbus buses box boxes quiz quizzes
EXAMPLES
• Substantivos terminados em -f(e) fazem o plural com -ves.
Atenção: chiefs / handkerchiefs / roofs / proofs / dwarfs / safes / gulfs.
• Se um substantivo terminar em consoante + -y, transformamos o -y final em -ie para fazer o plural.
knife knives leaf leaves thief thieves wolf wolveslife lives shelf shelves wife wives
EXAMPLES
baby babies secretary secretarieslorry lorries
EXAMPLES
• Formam o plural só com -s os substantivos terminados em -o de origem grega ou latina ou terminados em vogal + -o.
kilo kilos photo photos piano pianos radio radios studio studios
EXAMPLES
Comparar: guy guys bay bayskey keys
• WHOSE substitui adjectivos possessivos e usa-se para indicar a que(m) pertence ou se refere algo.
The driver whose car was damaged was very angry.The workers whose factory was closed are worried about the future.
EXAMPLES
b) WHICH / THAT – remetem para coisas e animais:
Portugal is the country which / that has the most beautiful beaches.This is the restaurant which / that serves the best meals in town.
EXAMPLES
• Quando o pronome relativo tem função de complemento pode omitir-se.
The person (that) you are looking for doesn’t live here any more.The Port (that) we drank was delicious.
EXAMPLES
BASIC GRAMMAR
31
IMPERATIVO
c) Substantivos só usados no plural
the Portuguese !! (a Portuguese man) the rich !! (a rich man)the good !! (a good man) the blind !! (a blind man)
EXAMPLES
d) nomes colectivos
Alguns substantivos representam grupos de coisas ou pessoas, podendo também ser usados no plural. No singular,podem ser seguidos de verbo no singular ou plural.
The audience is/are waiting for the actors. This musician likes to play to different types of audiences.The football team is/are playing tonight. The teams are ready to start the game.
EXAMPLES
• O imperativo forma-se com o infinitivo sem to (ex.: go) e usa-sesempre sem nome ou pronome antes do verbo.
• A negativa forma-se com don’t + infinitivo sem to (ex.: don’t go).
O imperativo pode ser usado para fazer pedidos ou dar ordens,instruções e conselhos.
IMPERATIVE
UNIT 7 Let’s celebrate!
Pass me that book, please.Don’t scream. The baby is sleeping.Press the red button and push the door.Don’t disturb other readers in the library.Don’t drive so fast. You may cause an accident.
EXAMPLES
A expressão will + infinitivo (sem to) pode ser usada para indicar acção futura. Contudo, o seu uso é diferente doda expressão going to + infinitivo, pois não é usado para expressarmos acções futuras decididas anteriormente.
WILL - FUTURE
I think I’ll visit Mark tomorrow.If you hurry up, you will catch the bus.I will always live in this city.One day you will be a successful musician.I hope it won’t rain tonight.
EXAMPLES
Podemos usar a expressão going to + infinitivo quando planeamos e temos a intenção clara de fazer algo no futuro.
GOING TO - FUTURE
I am going to visit my grandmother in the Algarve.They are going to watch a film tomorrow. (já decidido e/ou planeado)We are going to buy a new video.
EXAMPLES
b) Plural = singular
1 (rein)deer 2 (rein)deer / 1 fish 2 fish / 1 sheep 2 sheep
EXAMPLES
BASIC GRAMMAR
32
Usamos
• em vez de all (enfatizando a ideia de todos/ase cada um/a), antes de um nome singular.
every
INDEFINITE ADVERBS AND PRONOUNSADVÉRBIOS E PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
Usamos
• em vez de any ou not, antes de um subs-tantivo, em frases que, apresentando overbo na afirmativa, têm sentido negativo.
no
Usamos
• em frases afirmativas;
some
• quando oferecemos alguma coisa;
• quando pedimos alguma coisa.
Usamos
• em frases interrogativas;
any
• em frases negativas (ou com sentido negativo*).
Pessoas
somebody = someone
anybody = anyone
nobody = no one
everybody = everyone
Coisas
something
anything
nothing
everything
Lugares
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
everywhere
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNSADJECTIVOS E PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
Some of my best friends are in my class.There are some mistakes in this text.
EXAMPLES
Would you like some biscuits?Can I get you some tea?
EXAMPLES
Could you show me some of your photos? Can I have some chocolate cake, Mum?
EXAMPLES
Do you have any lessons on Saturday?Are there any English dictionaries in the library?
EXAMPLES
There’s no school like mine. (There isn’t a school like mine.)I’ve got no problems there. (I haven’t got any problems there.)
EXAMPLES
Every student has a locker. (All the students have lockers.)Every question is tricky. (All the questions are tricky.)
EXAMPLES
I don’t have any lessons on Saturday.There aren’t any English dictionaries in the library.* My brother often goes to school without any books.
EXAMPLES
A partir destas palavras, podemos fazer várias combinações e obter advérbios e pronomes indefinidos que nospermitem falar de:
– No one likes me at school!– Don’t be silly, Louise! Everyone thinks you’re wonderful.– Really? So why isn’t anyone coming to my birthday party?– Well... there’s someone at the door. Go and open it. It’s probably your first guest!
EXAMPLES
(some / any / no / every + -body / -one / -thing / -where)
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