logo course lecturer : jasmin Šutković 11th december 2015 obesity, nutrition and nutri-genonmics
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Course lecturer :
Jasmin Šutković
11th December 2015
Obesity, Nutrition and Nutri-genonmics
Objectives
1. Be familiar with the evidence for genetic influences on obesity
2. Be able to define nutrigenomics
3. Understand current limitations of nutrigenomic testing
Outline
1. Background2. Genetics of Obesity
• Animals• Humans
3. Environmental effects 4. Nutrigenomics
• Why the interest? • Current products and examples• Why the concern?• Moving from promise to practice
5. Summary and Conclusions
Mortality Increased risk of premature death
Morbidity Diabetes, Heart disease, Hypertension, some Cancers,
Breathing Problems, Ischemic Stroke, Arthritis, and Reproductive Complications
Prevalence 59 million (30%) Americans are obese (BMI>= 30) Rates are increasing faster than ever (epidemic proportions)
Public Health Importance
Risk Factors for Obesity
Diet: high calorie and low nutrient dense foods Physical Inactivity Age Socioeconomic status Certain medical conditions and medications Race Smoking cessation Family History Genetic susceptibility
Evidence for Genetic Influences on Obesity
Evidence for genetic influences: Humans
• Familial aggregation- familial clustering of obesity in families
• Twin Studies- greater concordance among MZ twins compared to DZ twins
• Family Studies- variety of “statistical models” consistent with genetic influences
The Search for Obesity Susceptibility Genes
“I found one! I found one!” Kenneth M. Weiss & Joseph D. Terwilligernature genetics • volume 26 • October 2000
Candidate Genes and Single Gene Disorders: Chromosomal Location
Image adapted from: Loos, R. J. and C. Bouchard (2003). J Intern Med 254(5): 401-25.
Genetics of Human Obesity
• Common form(s) of obesity are likely due to complex interactions between genes and environment
- body fat pattern- appetite regulation- other pathways
• Rare monogenic forms do not account for majority of cases
Nutrigenomics
Integrates genomics and nutrition
• Goal: Improving health and preventing disease through tailored diet and lifestyle prescriptions
Nutrigenomics: Magic, Myths and Maybe’s
Nutrigenomics vs.Nutrigenetics
Nutrigenomics “Nutrigenomics refers to the
application of genomics in nutrition research, enabling associations to be made between specific nutrients and genetic factors, e.g. the way in which food or food ingredients influence gene expression…
Nutrigenomics should facilitate greater understanding of how nutrition affects metabolic pathways and how this process goes awry in diet-related diseases.” Chadwick R. (2004) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63:161-166.
Nutrigenetics “Nutrigenetics is the study of
individual differences at the genetic level influencing response to diet. These individual differences may be at the level of single nucleotide polymorphisms rather than at the gene level…It is envisaged that nutrigenetics may lead to individualized dietary advice.” Chadwick R. (2004) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63:161-166.
Nutrigenomics & Nutrigenetics: Two Sides of a Coin
Nutritional Genomics
The study of how different foods can interact with particular genes to increase the risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease and some cancers
Goal: Use of personalized diets to prevent or delay the onset of disease and optimize and maintain human health
http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/pressarticles.htm
Nutritional Genomics
van Ommen B. (2004) Nutrition 20:4-8.
Why the interest?
• Improve health of populations
• Globally
• Improve athletic performance
• Weight loss
• Potential economic impact• Functional food and dietary supplements is currently a
$40 billion industry• The focus on nutrigenomics could mean an $80 billion
dollar industry in 7-10 years
What is the evidence?
• Single Gene Disorders • Lactose intolerance
• Complex conditions• Genes involved in susceptibility to complex
diseases have been identified• Nutritional environment modifies the expression
of genes• Metabolism of nutrients may vary by genotype,
ultimately affecting health
What is the public health implication?
• Can we use this information along with our increasing knowledge of the genetics of obesity for public health applications?
• Obesity epidemic
Heart Health
“Analyzes thirteen of your genes that may play an important role in determining how your body manages overall heart health”
“…assesses nine key diet and lifestyle action areas”
Bone Health
“Analyzes four of your genes that may play an important role in determining how your body manages overall bone health
“..assesses seven key diet and lifestyle action areas”
Insulin Resistance
“Analyzes five of your genes that may play an important role in determining how your body manages overall insulin resistance”
“..assesses five key diet and lifestyle action areas”
Genetic Assessment for Antioxidant and Detoxification
“Analyzes six of your genes that may play an important role in determining how your body manages overall antioxidant/ detoxification health”
“..assesses four key diet and lifestyle action areas”
Inflammation Health
“Analyzes six of your genes that may play an important role in determining how your body manages inflammation”
“..assesses four key diet and lifestyle action areas”
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