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MagicBubble™
©1999-2000, All Rights ReservedMagicBubble, Inc. Proprietary
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In the year 2001, there will be an alternative In the year 2001, there will be an alternative to a complex, and out-of-control world.to a complex, and out-of-control world.
MagicBubble Video
MagicBubble™IntroductionIntroduction
©2000, All Rights ReservedMagicBubble, Inc. Proprietary
MagicBubble CapabilitiesCapabilities
A >50 Mbps indoor wireless communications capability, supports
ubiquitous multimedia access and control for all kinds of devices
MagicBubble has much greater quality and
performance than these other technologies, at a
fraction of the cost
Today’s wireless technologies suffer from high costs and
low quality and performance compared to wired
technology
MagicBubble expands the benefits of wireless
connectivity to new market areas
Target Market Internet Appliance NetworkingInternet Appliance Networking
High-speed access to the home & small office (the last mile) Nearly 20% of US homes will have broadband Internet by 2003
1970 1997 2020
Chips in Objects
Chips inComputers
6 Billion Chips
“We’re moving to a world where the Internet doesn’t just connect computers, it connects things, it connects people.” - Wind River Systems founder, Jerry Fiddler
High-speed access throughout (the last inch)
Appliances are becoming smarter and smarter
Market Projected to be $3 Billion in 2005
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
Co
st
PerformanceLow High
The “Internet of the Future…” Exclusively Provided By MagicBubbleExclusively Provided By MagicBubble
Lower Cost Higher Performance Ubiquitous coverage
(every last inch)
MagicBubble is the only solution that meets all of the requirements of an Internet Appliance Network.
MagicBubble
Proxim
X10
Internet Appliance Network (5-node) Comparison
Bluetooth
Sharewave
coverage
In te rne t Ac c e ssAuto m a tio n
Ente rta inm e nt M o n ito ring
Se c urity
Pho
neD
SLc
ab
leSa
tellit
e
Access Point - Modular & Upgradable Information Appliance - Leverages existing Web Pad
reference design & consumer OS. Appliance Modules - Client radio modems. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) alliances
toolkit to support integrated devices
The I2I Product Base ComponentsBase Components
Exciter
24” Printed Circuit Scimitar
Access PointRouter (802 gateway)
BubbleLink Network Layer
Hemispherical Housing
Power Cord / Exciter Ground
Printed Circuit Scimitar / Base
TV Module
adaptor
MB can address a full spectrum of in-building appliances and needs High data access
Home theater Whole-house audio/video Surveillance Browsing Intercom Paging (Voice) High-speed Internet
Low data access Alarm systems (e.g. window sensor) Cooking (e.g. Microwave oven) HVAC Lighting control Locks
Application Possibilities
<1kbpsburst
Incr
easi
ng B
andw
idth
, Q
OS,
and Iso
chro
nous
Netw
ork
Needs
>6MbpsIsochronous
MagicBubble™The Technical The Technical
AdvantageAdvantage
©2000, All Rights ReservedMagicBubble, Inc. Proprietary
2.4
Walls increasepath loss
Reflections cause “Swiss
cheese” coverage
People block path
802.11, Bluetooth, HomeRF, etc., uses small wavelengths (i.e. 2.4GHz)
Today’s Wireless Solutions
Walls don’t increase path loss
No reflections,no “Swiss cheese” coverage
People don’t block path
MagicBubble Coverage
Why? Because Radio PropagatesConventional Wireless RadioConventional Wireless Radio
Like a ripple in a pond the strength of the wave suffers energy loss at a rate proportional to the square of the distance traveled. This assumes an ideal (obstruction free) world
No BlockageNo ScatterNo Multipath
BlockageScatter
Multipath
Within buildings, an ideal world does not exist Wavelength matters!
short waves suffer greater loss require more complex solutions
Bandwidth limitations are pushing indoor wireless technologies to smaller wavelengths (i.e. 900MHz to 2.4GHz to 5.8GHz)
"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” - Arthur Clarke
Traveling waves
Long Wavelength (MagicBubble)
Shorter Wavelengths(used by Bluetooth, 802.11...)
A patent-pending method which Establishes a non-propagating ubiquitous
electromagnetic field (“cavity”) extending throughout a structure
The cavity is formed by driving an exciter against the ground shields in the electrical service. The excited ground system forms a cage which shields against man made and galactic noise
MagicBubble TechnologyAn Unfair Sustainable Advantage Over the An Unfair Sustainable Advantage Over the
CompetitionCompetition
It is user friendly - easy to install and free of cumbersome wiring
Simple, low-cost all-digital radios
A fraction of the cost than higher frequency radios Experimental work has been
performed confirming it works and complies with Part 15 of the FCC regulations Market potential is huge ...
free standing waves
0
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160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Distance (feet)
Path
Los
s (re
l. DB
)
MagicBubble33 to 38 dB
Free Space
Indoor Average @ 5.85 GHz
Technical Overview Technical Overview (subset)(subset)
click to next pageclick to next page
©2000, All Rights ReservedMagicBubble, Inc. Proprietary
The Bubble is...The Bubble is...
…the physical layer of an integrated, indoor communications network operating in the FCC Part 15 frequency range of 0.5 to 54 MHz…
…a contained, modulated standing-wave operating at long wavelengths in a physical volume formed by the conductive portions of a residence, building or ship’s structure…
…a straightforward way of connecting all computers, peripherals, sensors, appliances, etc. in a home, warehouse, office building, ship, etc. to a central interface point for integrated communications with all other devices in the network
…without wires and cables
…without outside noise and interference
…regardless of physical location, distribution, configuration or orientation of communicating devices
MagicBubble – Characteristics MagicBubble – Characteristics
100:1 frequency spread exhibits different characteristics at each end– Therefore two different application ranges and…
– …two different modulation / access approaches
Characteristics common to both segments– Indoor network
– Long-wavelength
– High S/N
Small antennas– Efficiency of small antennas in low-frequency ranges drives architecture
development
– Desirable to transmit on higher frequencies where antenna efficiencies are
higher ( fc2 )
The Important PrinciplesThe Important Principles
1. Low operating frequencies
wavelengths >> structure apertures
field energy constrained within structure
2. Electromagnetic near field formed by long-wavelength energy coupled to many closely spaced structure elements
all portions of structure volume filled with field
field requires lower power to maintain than propagating fields
3. Wavelengths on order of dimensions of typical operating volumes
volume has characteristics of waveguide operating below fcutoff
volume has filter characteristics of waveguide cavity
Important Principles – Non-interfering SystemImportant Principles – Non-interfering System
MagicBubble is a non-radiating system that operates only within its excited cavity – it cannot interfere with another system in the traditional sense
– Non-propagating, static electromagnetic field
– Most wavelengths >> dimensions of structure openings
– Only sustainable a very short distance from the outside cavity wall Power levels needed for Bubble communications result in power levels outside
the cavity walls that are lower than FCC requirements
What it can do is suppress communications of other systems that are using the same frequencies
– Bubble channel S/N >> external competing signals
– Operating structure has some characteristics of waveguide cavity filter
Important Principles (continued)Important Principles (continued)
Waveguide-type structures normally have high-pass characteristics
– RF < fcutoff normally cannot propagate through waveguide
– Waves encounter high impedances proportional to the waveguide dimensions
Waveguide (roughly rectangular) operating below cutoff frequency– Minimum low fcutoff occurs when the guide max dimension /2 (TE10
mode possible)– Next higher mode occurs when either...
the max guide dimension (TE20 mode possible) or... the minimum guide dimension /2 (TE01 mode possible).
– Flat-waveguide geometry (< half-height) cavities suppress TE01.
Structure effectively becomes a quasi-resonant cavity with sharp filter characteristics
ArchitectureArchitecture Frequency PlansFrequency Plans Modulation and CodingModulation and Coding Access ProtocolsAccess Protocols
Development Considerations Development Considerations
Requirements High isolation between receive / transmit channels Low power consumption of mobile clients Full duplex operation very desirable
Cost ceiling Minimum number of product configurations are desirable to constrain
development costs Channel-pair frequencies should be programmable to the maximum extent
practical
Separation of receive frequencies into two bands simplifies architecture development
Two modulation / access approaches suffice to complete a reference design suitable for all known (so far) applications
Desirable to allocate device transmit frequencies to high end of band to use higher antenna efficiencies
MagicBubble ArchitectureMagicBubble ArchitectureHardware
Bubble Hub & external interface connections;Bubble-compliant devices
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Coverage
Interior of physical structure typically up to ~ 100 kft2 (~ 10 km2)
Accessibility
Any compliant device inside the Bubble
(multiple Bubble volumes must be connected through standard data interfaces)
Overview - Network StructureOverview - Network Structure
ExternalInterfaces
Access Point(Hub + Exciter)
Bubble Volume
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HVAC ducts
Electrical wiringPlumbing & sprinkler systems
Modulated RF carrier is coupled by Bubble exciter to a convenient element of the building’s structure...
Overview - Network Structure (continued)Overview - Network Structure (continued)
…each piece of which re-couples energy to other nearby elements, setting up a complex near-field electromagnetic standing wave whose relatively long wavelengths cannot
propagate well through the relatively small apertures of the structure.
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Overview - Network Structure (continued)Overview - Network Structure (continued)
Any device in the volume capable of receiving (demodulating and decoding) the signal coupled into the infrastructure by the exciter can communicate with any system connected to the hub.
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Bubble Formation (continued)Bubble Formation (continued)
The Bubble network fills the entire physical volume, everywhere
Antennas of devices in the Bubble can couple (receive / transmit) into the
field
Do not need line of sight to communicate with Bubble transceiver devices
Physical location, distribution and configuration of transceivers do not have to be specially arranged
Path loss, multipath fading, scattering are not factors
Top-Level Frequency PlanTop-Level Frequency Plan
Frequency Plan (not to scale)
Non-restricted bands in FCC unlicensed 0.5 to 54–MHz frequency range
0.505 101 20 30 40 542 5 RF (MHz)
FCC Part 15 Restricted Bands
Application & CharacteristicsApplication & Characteristics
LOWER HIGHER
No. of Devices
Usage / duty cycle
BW / data rate
Power consumption
Cavity leakage
Transmit efficiency
Frequency and Bandwidth
Application & Characteristics (continued)Application & Characteristics (continued)
Longer wavelengths, more near-field characteristics; lower data capacity and access requirements, simpler modulations acceptable / advisable;
Shorter wavelengths; more prone to radiation and leakage; higher data capacity and access requirements; higher bandwidth efficiency required
No. of Devices
Usage / duty cycle
BW / data rate
Power consumption
Cavity leakage
0.5 MHz 54 MHz
Transmit efficiency
5 MHz
Application & Characteristics (continued)Application & Characteristics (continued)
No. of Devices
Usage / duty cycle
BW / data rate
Power consumption
Cavity leakage
Transmit efficiency
Longer wavelengths, more near-field characteristics; lower data capacity and access requirements, simpler modulations acceptable / advisable;
Shorter wavelengths; more prone to radiation and leakage; higher data capacity and access requirements; higher bandwidth efficiency required
Rigid channel allocationLow data rates
Hybrid FDMA/TDMAB/QPSK
Contention ChannelsHigher data ratesCDMA / CSMA
QAM / CCK0.5 to 5 MHz 5 to 54 MHz
Application & Characteristics (continued)Application & Characteristics (continued)
Conclusion for Frequency Planning
Low-High Frequency Range Sectorization - separate ranges into order-of-magnitude wavelength classes to improve relative performance in each class, limit wideband antenna design requirements and limit number of possible product configurations
Intra-Range FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) - separate channels into low-range receive, high-range transmit channel pairs to obtain maximum power efficiency of mobile devices
Allocate low-range frequencies to low-data rate, low-duty cycle receiving devices
• Allocate high-range frequencies to high-data rate, high-usage receiving devices
• Duplex mode operations require separate receive / transmit frequency pairs (channels)
• High frequency in each channel pair allocated to transmission, lower frequency to reception
Low data ratesLow duty cycles
Higher data ratesHigh usage
0.5 to 5 MHz
5 to 54 MHz
Low Range Downlink
High Range Uplink
Application & Characteristics (continued)Application & Characteristics (continued)
Frequency Planning (continued)
• Allocate low-range frequencies to low-data rate, low-duty cycle receiving devices
• Allocate high-range frequencies to high-data rate, high-usage receiving devices
• Duplex mode operations require separate receive / transmit frequency pairs (channels)
• High frequency in each channel pair allocated to transmission, lower frequency to reception
Low data ratesLow duty cycles
Higher data ratesHigh usage
0.5 to 5 MHz
5 to 54 MHz
Receive Frequency
SummarySummary
Fewer devicesBroadband
High duty cycles
TRADE SPACE
Large numbersLow rates
Low duty cycles
BroadbandPlan
Base Plan
Applications
Frequency Plans
Characteristics
Long wavelengthsTight structures
Short wavelengthsOpen structures
Separate Low / High Sub-ranges4 Mbps / 24 Mbps Capacity
QPSK / OQPSKFDMA / TDMA
Separate Low / High Sub-ranges4 Mbps / 90+ Mbps Capacity
64/256-QAM, CCKDOCSIS MAC
MagicBubble Architecture (continued)MagicBubble Architecture (continued)
data rate
num
ber
of d
evic
es
duty cy
cle/usa
ge
Access ProtocolDifferent requirements for different applications; desirable to have few protocols as practical to constrain product development costs
Dedicated FDMA andrigidly controlled TDMA
Hybrid FDMA/TDMACDMA; WAP
CDMA;CSMA/CD;
WAP / SWAP
candidateprotocols
narrowband
broadband
Video Video Embedded or add-on module for TV or set-top box that enables Embedded or add-on module for TV or set-top box that enables Bubble hub to distribute CATV MPEG video Bubble hub to distribute CATV MPEG video
Downstream:
• 42 – 850 MHz at access point converted to 5.505 – 27.0 and 32.0 – 54.0 MHz for client*
• Up to six separate channels to six TV sets simultaneously
• DOCSIS or DVB/DAVIC standards
• 64-QAM downstream assumed (i.e., 256-QAM explicitly not assumed)
Upstream capacity to select channels and enable Web-TV applications
• 5 MHz RF bandwidth total• 3 Mbps per TV ( rudimentary TDM required to accommodate all TVs used
simultaneously for interactive Internet use)
* U.S. assumed (6 MHz RFBW per channel) - if 8 MHz required for European market, adjust plan to use .5 - 5.5 and 27 - 32 MHz channels to provide additional spectrum needed (…or offer 5 channels per Bubble, etc.…)
Bubble
RFin
ADCSymbolSync EQ
Carrierremoval
Symbolproc
bit stream output
Processor I/F
Nyquist rateprocessing
N x baud rateprocessing
Baud rateprocessing
• set dynamic range• sample input• select channel• report status• Web-TV
• antenna• direct-sample ADC• DSP• digital cable tuner
Functions Receive
• sensors• processor• modulator• oscillator• antenna
Transmit Common
• package• power• user i/f•
Video - General RequirementsVideo - General Requirements
Primary RequirementsPrimary Requirements
RF– Receive up to six RF channels
6 MHz RF bandwidth each 64-QAM 31.2 Mbps channel raw data rate
– Transmit upstream signal 2-MHz QPSK / 16-QAM (tbd) 3 Mbps
Control– Channel selection
– Upstream comms
– Bi-directional Web-TV
– Diagnostic reporting
Processing– ADC/demodulation– Decoding (RS (204, 188, 6) )
– MAC protocol MPEG frame sync/data extraction Upstream timing (burst time slots) Upstream unique word
– R-S encoding
– DAC/modulation
Power– Less than 1 W average desirable
Important Assumptions– Hub performs all conversions & HPF
– Hub sets dynamic range of downstream signals
Functional Block DiagramFunctional Block Diagram
BPF ADC DEMOD MAC
TV I/F (USB)
BURSTMOD
CPU
Bubble RF DAC
Memory
AC/DCConverter
BPF
64-QAM / 256-QAM 27 – 56 Mbps
I/F
DPLXR
QPSK / 16-QAM ~ 3 Mbps
…host power availability assumed
…wideband, direct conversion software radio…single antenna, three chipsets (RF, processor, DSP modem), tbd interfaces
…processor/memory could be integrated with DSP modem
Antenna
Package / assembly
AC/DC converter ass’y
RF/tuner ass’y /chip
DSP modem
Interface ass’y / chip
Low High
106
Estimate Range
Production Quantity
TOTAL per unit ($, wholesale)
Cost EstimateCost Estimate
0.50 0.75
0.52 0.78
18.00
1.76 2.65
0.58 0.87
16.19 24.29
1.240.83
12.00
Cost Estimate - Mb DOCSIS CATV Embedded
1
10
100
1 10 102
Who
lesa
le C
ost
(dol
lars
)
5
103 104 105 106 107
50
20
2
Qty.
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