main function: it releases hormones into the blood to
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• Main Function:
It releases hormones into the blood to signal other cells to behave in certain ways. It is a slow but widespread form of communication.
Endocrine glands
Release hormones into
the bloodstream.
Hormones are chemicals
released in one part of the
body that travel through
the bloodstream and
affect the activities of cells
in other parts of the body.
Consists of:
Pituitary Gland
Function: It secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls functions of other glands.
Disorders: Too much growth hormones (GH) in early childhood can result in a condition called gigantism. Too little GH can result in Pituitary Dwarfism.
RobertWadlow
Thyroid Gland• Function: plays a major role in
regulation the body’s metabolism.
• Disorders: If the Thyroid Gland produces too much Thyroxin, it can cause a condition known as Hyperthyroidism. If too little thyroxin produces it is called Hypothyroidism.
Pancreas• Function: The Insulin
and Glycogen in the Pancreas help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable.
• Disorders: When the Pancreas fails to produce or properly use Insulin, it can cause a condition known as Diabetes Mellitus.
Adrenal Gland
• Functions:
-The adrenal glands release Adrenaline in the body that helps prepare for and deal with stress.
-Also regulates kidney function.
Ovaries
• Functions:– Pair of reproductive organs found in
women that produce eggs.
– Also secrete estrogen and progesterone, which control ovulation and menstruation.
Testes
• Functions:
– Pair of reproductive glands that produces sperm.
– Also secrete Testosterone to give the body its masculine characteristics.
Interaction of Glands
The hypothalamus is located in the brain and controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. It is an important link between the endocrine and nervoussystems.
http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/images/3D%20Objects/Hypothalamus.gif
Main Function:
This nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the
body and responds to internal and external
stimuli.
Our nervous system
allows us to feel pain.
Pg 6
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs & receptors
Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue
Consists of:
Somatic (voluntary)
Nervous System
and Autonomic
Nervous System
-includes all sensory
neurons, motor
neurons, and sense
organs
THE BRAIN
Hypothalamus
- Controls body temperature
- controls blood pressure
- controls respirationand heartbeat
- regulates eating and drinking
- controls sleep
- regulates emotional and behavioural patterns
Spinal cord
•Spinal cord carries impulses to and from the brain
•Reflex centre for involuntary reactions
Cerebrum
The control centre of the brain
•- Controls language, conscious thought,
memory, personality development, vision, thinking and feeling.
•- Origin of voluntary muscular movements•
Cerebellum
•co-ordination of muscular movements
•maintenance of equilibrium and balance
Medulla oblongata
- Controls heartbeat and breathing
•- crossing over of nerves between spinal cord and brain
Cerebrum Voluntary or conscious activities of
the body-learning, judgment
Cerebellum Coordinates and balances the
actions of the muscles
Medulla Oblongata
(Brain Stem)
Controls involuntary actions like
blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing, and swallowing
Spinal Cord
The main communications link
between the brain and the rest of
the body
ACTIVITY 4 – PG 11Attention –deficit/hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a chronic disease that
starts in childhood. It affects 3 – 5% of children and is twice as common in
boys as it is in girls. About 30 – 50% of children with ADHD continue to have
the disorder as adults.
Studies have shown that 75% of ADHD cases are inherited from either
parent. Some studies show that these children lack either neurotransmitters
at the synapse or the receptors to receive the neurotransmitters.
Studies of children’s diets have shown that artificial food colouring, food
containing sugar and preservatives may cause increase hyperactivity in
children.
Children with ADHD will be disruptive in class and do dangerous activities
without thinking about consequences. These children will be inattentive in
class by not listening and they are easily distracted by noises like a passing
aeroplane or movement of other learners.
They have difficulty in standing still, talk excessively and move from one
uncompleted task to another.
Treatment may include medicine, therapy and counselling. Therapy will assist
the child to focus his or her attention. Lifestyle changes will include a diet free
of sugar, preservatives and flavourings and participation in individual sport.
A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells calledneurons.
Neurons carryelectrical messages called impulsesthroughout the
body. Picture shows hundreds of
severed neuron axons
Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapsebetween two neurons.
Neurotransmitters
Synapse (gap)
The message
is transferred whenRECEPTORSreceive neurotrans-mitters.
(pink
spheres)
Parts of a Neuron1. Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the
cytoplasm
2. Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into the neuron to the cell body.
3. Axon: long projection that carries impulses away from cell body
1
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Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Muscle Contracts
Synapse
Synapse
Synapse
Sensory Neuron
carry impulses from
sense organs to
spinal cord & brain
Fun Fact:
Where can the longest cells in the
world be found?
The giraffe’s sensory and
motor neurons! Some
must bring impulses from
the bottom of their legs
to their spinal cord
several meters away!!
Motor Neurons
carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to
muscles & glands
Axon End
Axons branching out
to muscle fibers
• Nerves work together with muscles for movement. An impulse begins when one neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense organs or a receptor.
• The impulse travels down the axons ofSensory neurons to the brain cells calledInterneurons.
• The brain will then send an impulse through motor neurons to the necessary muscle or organs, telling it to contract.
A reflex action is an involuntary
response that is processed in thespinal cord not
the brain.
Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on.
Reflex Arc
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