maintaining the network
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17Maintaining the Network
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Monitoring the Network Network systems need to be constantly monitored
to: Determine when failures occur To predict possible or imminent failure
Activity can be monitored, recorded, and expressed statistically to predict failure
Predictions are based on system history
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Baseline Should be established immediately after the
network or server is installed Should be routinely collected and reviewed to
predict events that could affect network or server performance
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Network Baseline Information Peak utilization—Should not exceed 80% Average utilization—Should not exceed 40% Frame size peak and frame size average—Size
affected by protocol and equipment used, amount of segment traffic, and type of data transmitted
Number of protocols—Large number can indicate an improperly configured network device
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Network Baseline Information (Cont.)
Number of nodes—Number of nodes communicating on the network segment
Most active 10 nodes—Indicator of possible network problem locations
Collisions—Primary indicator of a problem Packets dropped—Good indication there is a
cable or connection problem
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Traffic Shaping Techniques Routers or layer 3 switches can be installed to
provide additional segment links Multiple segment paths can increase network
reliability provided by link redundancy
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Network Bottlenecks Can be caused by servers and devices Insufficient resources
Solution: Add more RAM or configure more hard disk drives and map users to additional drives
Unbalanced client loads Solution: Change default server logon for users
Incorrectly configured service(s)
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Server Baseline Memory utilization and swap file activity—
Determine if more RAM needs to be installed Hard disk activity—Determines if additional hard
drives need to be installed CPU utilization—Should not exceed 85%
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Performance Monitor Provides administrator with information needed
for making objective decisions about the system Can be configured to send alerts to the
administrator when resources are critical Can be used to predict system failure or to isolate
cause of the poor performance
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Performance Monitor Display
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Windows Task Manager Provides a quick view of system performance Can show what software applications, processes,
and services are running
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Resource Monitor
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Microsoft Network Monitor Can be used to establish a baseline Displays all active network connections Collects frames in similar manner to protocol
analyzers Filters can be applied to specific protocol types or
contents Identifies fewer protocols than network analyzer
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Microsoft Network Monitor Display
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Event Viewer Records events that occur on computer, such as:
Starting and stopping of a service User logon activities Share access File access Hardware and software information
Excellent utility for troubleshooting system failures
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Event Viewer Display
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Maintaining System IntegrityTo protect data, fault tolerance and disaster recovery must be designed into the networkFault tolerance includes some RAID systems and electrical power systemsDisaster recovery includes data backups; hot and cold spares; and hot, warm, and cold sites
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
RAID 1RAID 1 consists of two disk drives with matching data on each drive
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
RAID 5RAID 5 combines parity and stripingAt least three hard disk drives are needed for a RAID 5 configuration
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Backup Data MethodsFull backup—Only data needs to be copiedArchive bit is set on files when a full or incremental backup is performedArchive bit is not reset when a differential backup is performed or when copy and xcopy commands are used
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Incremental BackupLess time than full backupFull backup is performed first, followed by daily incremental backupsTo restore, full backup is restored first, followed by daily incremental backupsIncremental backups must be restored in sequence
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Differential BackupPerformed on days when full backup is not being performedPerform a full backup first, followed by daily differential backupsTo restore, full backup is restored first, then the last differential backup
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Storing Backup DataStore data backups
Off-site In a secure area with limited access In a climate-controlled storage area
Avoid storing backups In direct sunlight Near electrical panels or in equipment rooms Near magnetic fields generated by electrical
equipment
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