malaysian studies chapter 3: formation of malaysia (2)
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Malaysian Studies
Chapter 3:Formation of Malaysia (2)
The Idea of Malaysia
Idea for Malaysia has been brought up by many including:
David Marshall (1955)Ghazali Shafie (1954)
Tan Cheng Lock (1955)Lee Kuan Yew (1959)
The Idea of Malaysia
Tunku Abdul RahmanStarts voicing it in 1955
Willing of accepting not only Singapore but Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak
Different reactions from many
Why Form Malaysia?
Forming a country involves big changesThis is especially so in Malaysia’s case
But why form Malaysia?Several factors led to Tunku’s decision to
form Malaysia
Why Form Malaysia?
Independence through unificationCommon understanding for development
Ethnic balance and unityCollective fight against communism
Economic co-operationUnited in international relations
Why Form Malaysia?
Tunku’s idea was widely accepted because:The suggestion was concrete and had a clear
visionPositive comments from media in future
member countriesFollow up action & surveys helped convinced
the people
Reactions - Malaya
Early 1950s – not really keen to include Singapore
However, with Sabah & Sarawak joining, the idea for unification became popular
PAS opposed the idea claiming Malays would lose out esp. in economy
MALPHILINDO
Reactions - Singapore
Generally well-accepted earlier onLee Kuan Yew was most interested with the
ideaLater, United People’s Party objected the idea
and fought the People’s Action Party regarding the idea
However, this made Tunku and Lee’s determination rise to get the idea realized
Reactions - Brunei
Not unanimously acceptedSultan Omar Ali Saifuddin was very interested
with ideaOpposed by A.M.Azahari (Brunei People’s
Party)A.M.Azahari wants to create North Kalimantan
(Sabah+Sarawak+Brunei)
Reactions – Sabah & Sarawak
People’s reaction was most encouragingNo strong opposition was shown
Why?Free from British rule
To combat communism
The Formation of Malaysia
People’s reactions are differentAnxiety, uncertainty and doubts about the
new country are questions people have inside their minds
Therefore, Kuala Lumpur created a specially-formed Committee to verify and answer the
people’s questions
The Formation of Malaysia
Other actions are also takenSingapore Referendum and the UN
InvestigationConsulting with the British, Philippines and
IndonesiaCobbold Commision
The Formation of Malaysia
Once it is proven that the majority wants to form Malaysia, the form and structure of the
new nation was determinedInter-Government Landsdowne CommitteeUsed the Constitution of the Federation of
Malaya as basis for the Constitution of Malaysia
Brunei’s Withdrawal
9th July 1963Brunei pulled out of the Federation
The Federation was completely taken by surprise by it
Some “give and take” issues are said to be the cause of the decision
Reasons for Brunei’s Withdrawal
Number of seats in Legislature & ParliamentControl on oil and other minerals
Monetary autonomyBrunei’s earlier investments
Method of taxationAuthority in education and welfare
Matters of religionCitizenship
Reasons for Brunei’s Withdrawal
Brunei’s security guaranteePosition of Sultans and Brunei’s status within
Malaysia
Formation of Malaysia
8 July 1963Malaysian Agreement signed in London
16 September 1963Malaysia officially proclaimed
External Opposition
Opposition for the formation Malaysia came from Indonesia and Philippines
Why Protest?Sarawak – part of IndonesiaSabah – part of Philippines
External Opposition
Philippines severed diplomatic ties with Malaya
Indonesia launched a movement of confrontation against Malaysia which
continued until August 1966
Singapore’s Withdrawal
Singapore-Kuala Lumpur’s relation starts to deteriorate after the first Malaysian general
Election (1964)PAP leaders belittled MCA
MCA sees it as PAP’s intention to take over MCA’s role of protecting the interests of the
Chinese communityUMNO are also offended by PAP’s action
Singapore’s Withdrawal
Effects of the 1st General Elections:Chinese confused
Malays generally suspicious of Lee Kuan YewThis caused riots to happen twice in
21/7/1964 and 2/9/1964Tunku and Lee’s relationship deteriorate
Singapore’s Withdrawal
To save the situation, Tunku states Lee’s idea of separation may be the only solution to end
the stressful situation7 August 1965 – Separation agreement
signed between Tunku and Lee9 August 1965 – Parliament passed the Separation Act and Singapore finally left
Malaysia
Conclusion
The history of formation of Malaysia is not long but full of interesting events
Issues such as interest of future member countries, internal problems, cooperation and
conflict are some of the lessons we learnt from the formation of this glorious nation
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