management information system

Sir. Kashif

Presented To:

Muhammad Sultan Bhatti

Contact# 00923464389934

Presented By:

Introduction

“A system which does not use any computer devices. All data would be kept in other ways , mainly paper. “

Uses: Manual system use in daily basis routine work such as Index files of Recipes Paper phone book Paper Dictionary

Structure: its done by hand that could be typing all your information into notepad

Examples: People would have hand written letters

or used typewriters instead of word processor.

Graphs & Diagrams would have been drawn by hand instead of using Computer Software to do them .

Advantages:

Large reduction in cost of hardware & software.

Availability of user-friendly accounting software package.

It is relatively cheaper like maintaining a manual system.

Disadvantages:

Data Duplication Lack of Security Common Error Inconsistency of data Repetition of work Too much paper work Space consuming

Introduction“It is a method of storing and organizing arbitrary collection of data in a form that is

human readable.”Uses:

File system used to organized and represent access to any data.

File System are used on data storage devices.

Structure File system is a section of hard disk that

has been allocated to contain files.

File System

/User /tamp /var /home

Example:

Disk File System Optical Discs Flash File System Database File System Transaction File System Network File System Flat File System

Advantages

Give access to uniform data to group of users

Useful when many users exists on many systems with each other’s name directory located on every single machine.

Reduced overall disk storage cost.

Disadvantages

Program data dependence Lengthy development times Duplication of data Limited data sharing Security risk

Introduction “Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in an efficient and

compact manner.”

Purpose: The purpose of database is to help people

and organization keep track of things.

Structure

External Level

Conceptual Level

Internal Level

How user understands

the organization

of data

It is a level of indirection

between external and

internal

How data is physically

stored.

Examples

A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacture.

An advertising company keeping details of all clients.

A training company keeping course information and particular details.

An organization maintaining all sales order information

Advantages Reduced updating errors and increase

consistency. Reduced data entry, storage and

retrieval costs. Facilitated development of new

application programs Reduced data redundancy. Improved data security.

Disadvantages Database system are complex and time

consuming to design. Substantial hardware and software start-

up costs. Initial training required for all programmers

and users.

Relational Database Model

Introduction“Relational database organized data in two-

dimensional tables called relation.”

Uses: it can be used for storing large amount

of data.

Table

Row(tuple)

Column(attribute)

A row cannot be identified

by its position in the table

Column that uniquely

identifies each row in the

table

Examples

Roll No. Name Class

1352 Ansa Khalid Msc

1324 Komal Iftikhar Msc.

1460 Gazala Rai Msc

1342 Tehrim Shehzad Msc.

Advantages Data Integrity Data independence Structural independence Data consistency & Accuracy Easy data retrieval & sharing

Disadvantage Calculation become rigid while working

with the larger data. Slow in performance. It requires more knowledge to

implement. Once the database created it is not

changed easily.

Introduction

“A database model is the structure or format of a database.”

Models

ModelsNetwork

Relational

Object Oriented

Hierarchical

Hierarchical Database Model“Organize data in a series like a family tree or

organization chart”

Structure:

In which data is organized into a tree-like structure.

The structure allows representing information using Parent/child relationship.

Car

Engine Body Wheels

Left Door Right Door Seats

Advantages

This is good for one-to-many relationship.

It can store large numbers of segment and process information efficiently.

It is a simple structure and minimize disk input and output.

Disadvantages

It is less user-friendly.

It creates inflexibility and programming complexity.

It is difficult to recognize the database as hierarchy has to be maintained.

Network Database Models “ This conceived as a flexible way of

representing objects and their relationships.”

Employee

Supervisor Department

Project

Advantages Ability to handle more relationship type. Ease of data access Data integrity Data independence

Disadvantages

System complexity Lack of Structural independence

Object Oriented Database Models

“It actually manages the data access and the querying of the data from the databases.”

Object oriented Database Model

NameYear

AdvisorClasses

Advantages

The amount of information that can be modeled by an OODBMS Is increased.

It is also easier to model this information.

This is also able to have higher modeling capabilities through extensibility.

Disadvantages

Data and operations are separated.

Inadequate for current problems.

Causing an added training cost for developers.