mao zedong - on the people s democratic dictatorship
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not recogni(e this truth is no communist. )oung
comrades who have not studied *ar%ism-Leninism
and have only recently +oined the Party may not yet
understand this truth. They must understand it -- only
then can they have a correct world outlook. Theymust understand that the road to the a"olition of
classes to the a"olition of state !ower and to the
a"olition of !arties is the road all mankind must take$
it is only a ,uestion of time and conditions.
Communists the world over are wiser than the
"ourgeoisie they understand the laws governing the
e%istence and develo!ment of things they understand
dialectics and they can see farther. The "ourgeoisiedoes not welcome this truth "ecause it does not want
to "e overthrown. To "e overthrown is !ainful and is
un"eara"le to contem!late for those overthrown for
e%am!le for the uomintang reactionaries whom we
are now overthrowing and for Ja!anese im!erialism
which we together with other !eo!les overthrew
some time ago. ut for the working class the
la"ouring !eo!le and the Communist Party the
,uestion is not one of "eing overthrown "ut ofworking hard to create the conditions in which
classes state !ower and !olitical !arties will die out
very naturally and mankind will enter the realm of
/reat 0armony.[1]#e have mentioned in !assing
the long-range !ers!ective of human !rogress in
order to e%!lain clearly the !ro"lems we are a"out to
discuss.
's everyone knows our Party !assed through
these twenty-eight years not in !eace "ut amid
hardshi!s for we had to fight enemies "oth foreign
and domestic "oth inside and outside the Party. #e
thank *ar% ngels Lenin and 2talin for giving us a
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wea!on. This wea!on is not a machine-gun "ut
*ar%ism-Leninism.
3n his "ook "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile
Disorder written in 195 Lenin descri"ed the ,uestof the 6ussians for revolutionary theory.[2]7nly
after several decades of hardshi! and suffering did
the 6ussians find *ar%ism. *any things in China
were the same as or similar to those in 6ussia
"efore the 7cto"er 6evolution. There was the same
feudal o!!ression. There was similar economic and
cultural "ackwardness. oth countries were
"ackward China even more so. 3n "oth countries
alike for the sake of national regeneration
!rogressives "raved hard and "itter struggles in their
,uest for revolutionary truth.
8rom the time of China&s defeat in the 7!ium #ar
of 145[3]Chinese !rogressives went through
untold hardshi!s in their ,uest for truth from the
#estern countries. 0ung 0siu-chuan[4]ang )u-
wei,[5])en 8u[6]and 2un )at-sen werere!resentative of those who had looked to the #est
for truth "efore the Communist Party of China was
"orn. Chinese who then sought !rogress would read
any "ook containing the new knowledge from the
#est. The num"er of students sent to Ja!an ritain
the :nited 2tates 8rance and /ermany was ama(ing.
't home the im!erial e%aminations[7]were
a"olished and modern schools s!rang u! like "am"oo
shoots after a s!ring rain$ every effort was made to
learn from the #est. 3n my youth 3 too engaged in
such studies. They re!resented the culture of #estern
"ourgeois democracy including the social theories
and natural sciences of that !eriod and they were
called ;the new learning; in contrast to Chinese
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feudal culture which was called ;the old learning;.
8or ,uite a long time those who had ac,uired the
new learning felt confident that it would save China
and very few of them had any dou"ts on this score as
the adherents of the old learning had. 7nlymoderni(ation could save China only learning from
foreign countries could moderni(e China. 'mong the
foreign countries only the #estern ca!italist
countries were then !rogressive as they had
successfully "uilt modern "ourgeois states. The
Ja!anese had "een successful in learning from the
#est and the Chinese also wished to learn from the
Ja!anese. The Chinese in those days regarded 6ussiaas "ackward and few wanted to learn from her. That
was how the Chinese tried to learn from foreign
countries in the !eriod from the 145s to the
"eginning of the 5th century.
3m!erialist aggression shattered the fond dreams of
the Chinese a"out learning from the #est. 3t was
very odd -- why were the teachers always committing
aggression against their !u!il< The Chinese learned agood deal from the #est "ut they could not make it
work and were never a"le to reali(e their ideals.
Their re!eated struggles including such a country-
wide movement as the 6evolution of 1911[8]all
ended in failure. =ay "y day conditions in the
country got worse and life was made im!ossi"le.
=ou"ts arose increased and dee!ened. #orld #ar 3
shook the whole glo"e. The 6ussians made the
7cto"er 6evolution and created the world&s first
socialist state. :nder the leadershi! of Lenin and
2talin the revolutionary energy of the great
!roletariat and la"ouring !eo!le of 6ussia hitherto
latent and unseen "y foreigners suddenly eru!ted
like a volcano and the Chinese and all mankind
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the leadershi! of the Communist Party of China the
Chinese !eo!le after driving out Ja!anese
im!erialism waged the Peo!le&s #ar of Li"eration
for three years and have "asically won victory.
Thus #estern "ourgeois civili(ation "ourgeois
democracy and the !lan for a "ourgeois re!u"lic have
all gone "ankru!t in the eyes of the Chinese !eo!le.
ourgeois democracy has given way to !eo!le&s
democracy under the leadershi! of the working class
and the "ourgeois re!u"lic to the !eo!le&s re!u"lic.
This has made it !ossi"le to achieve socialism and
communism through the !eo!le&s re!u"lic to a"olish
classes and enter a world of /reat 0armony. ang
)u-wei wrote Ta Tung Shu or theBook of Great
Harmony,"ut he did not and could not find the way
to achieve /reat 0armony. There are "ourgeois
re!u"lics in foreign lands "ut China cannot have a
"ourgeois re!u"lic "ecause she is a country suffering
under im!erialist o!!ression. The only way is
through a !eo!le&s re!u"lic led "y the working class.
'll other ways have "een tried and failed. 7f the
!eo!le who hankered after those ways some have
fallen some have awakened and some are changing
their ideas. vents are develo!ing so swiftly that
many feel the a"ru!tness of the change and the need
to learn anew. This state of mind is understanda"le
and we welcome this worthy desire to learn anew.
The vanguard of the Chinese !roletariat learned*ar%ism-Leninism after the 7cto"er 6evolution and
founded the Communist Party of China. 3t entered at
once into !olitical struggles and only now after a
tortuous course of twenty-eight years has it won
"asic victory. 8rom our twenty-eight years&
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the e%!eriences accumulated in these forty years and
these twenty-eight years all Chinese without
e%ce!tion must lean either to the side of im!erialism
or to the side of socialism. 2itting on the fence will
not do nor is there a third road. #e o!!ose theChiang ai-shek reactionaries who lean to the side of
im!erialism and we also o!!ose the illusions a"out a
third road.
;)ou are too irritating.; #e are talking a"out how
to deal with domestic and foreign reactionaries the
im!erialists and their running dogs not a"out how to
deal with anyone else. #ith regard to such
reactionaries the ,uestion of irritating them or not
does not arise. 3rritated or not irritated they will
remain the same "ecause they are reactionaries. 7nly
if we draw a clear line "etween reactionaries and
revolutionaries e%!ose the intrigues and !lots of the
reactionaries arouse the vigilance and attention of
the revolutionary ranks heighten our will to fight and
crush the enemy&s arrogance can we isolate the
reactionaries van,uish them or su!ersede them. #emust not show the slightest timidity "efore a wild
"east. #e must learn from #u 2ung[9]on the
Chingyang 6idge. 's #u 2ung saw it the tiger on
Chingyang 6idge was a man-eater whether irritated
or not. ither kill the tiger or "e eaten "y him -- one
or the other.
;#e want to do "usiness.; @uite right "usiness
will "e done. #e are against no one e%ce!t the
domestic and foreign reactionaries who hinder us
from doing "usiness. very"ody should know that it
is none other than the im!erialists and their running
dogs the Chiang ai-shek reactionaries who hinder
us from doing "usiness and also from esta"lishing
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di!lomatic relations with foreign countries. #hen we
have "eaten the internal and e%ternal reactionaries "y
uniting all domestic and international forces we shall
"e a"le to do "usiness and esta"lish di!lomatic
relations with all foreign countries on the "asis ofe,uality mutual "enefit and mutual res!ect for
territorial integrity and sovereignty.
;Aictory is !ossi"le even without international
hel!.; This is a mistaken idea. 3n the e!och in which
im!erialism e%ists it is im!ossi"le for a genuine
!eo!le&s revolution to win victory in any country
without various forms of hel! from the international
revolutionary forces and even if victory were won it
could not "e consolidated. This was the case with the
victory and consolidation of the great 7cto"er
6evolution as Lenin and 2talin told us long ago.
This was also the case with the overthrow of the
three im!erialist !owers in #orld #ar 33 and the
esta"lishment of the Peo!le&s =emocracies. 'nd this
is also the case with the !resent and the future of
Peo!le&s China. Just imagineB 3f the 2oviet :nion hadnot e%isted if there had "een no victory in the anti-
fascist 2econd #orld #ar if Ja!anese im!erialism
had not "een defeated if the Peo!le&s =emocracies
had not come into "eing if the o!!ressed nations of
the ast were not rising in struggle and if there were
no struggle of the masses of the !eo!le against their
reactionary rulers in the :nited 2tates ritain
8rance /ermany 3taly Ja!an and other ca!italist
countries -- if not for all these in com"ination the
international reactionary forces "earing down u!on
us would certainly "e many times greater than now.
3n such circumstances could we have won victorythrough
the Communist Party? and "ased u!on the alliance ofworkers and !easants. This dictatorshi! must unite as
one with the international revolutionary forces. This
is our formula our !rinci!al e%!erience our main
!rogramme.
Twenty-eight years of our Party are a long !eriod
in which we have accom!lished only one thing -- we
have won "asic victory in the revolutionary war. This
calls for cele"ration "ecause it is the !eo!le&s
victory "ecause it is a victory in a country as large as
China. ut we still have much work to do$ to use the
analogy of a +ourney our !ast work is only the first
ste! in a long march of ten thousand li. 6emnants of
the enemy have yet to "e wi!ed out. The serious task
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of economic construction lies "efore us. #e shall
soon !ut aside some of the things we know well and
"e com!elled to do things we don&t know well. This
means difficulties. The im!erialists reckon that we
will not "e a"le to manage our economy they arestanding "y and looking on awaiting our failure.
#e must overcome difficulties we must learn
what we do not know. #e must learn to do economic
work from all who know how no matter who they
are. #e must esteem them as teachers learning from
them res!ectfully and conscientiously. #e must not
!retend to know when we do not know. #e must not
!ut on "ureaucratic airs. 3f we dig into a su"+ect for
several months for a year or two for three or five
years we shall eventually master it. 't first some of
the 2oviet Communists also were not very good at
handling economic matters and the im!erialists
awaited their failure too. ut the Communist Party of
the 2oviet :nion emerged victorious and under the
leadershi! of Lenin and 2talin it learned not only
how to make the revolution "ut also how to carry onconstruction. 3t has "uilt a great and s!lendid socialist
state. The Communist Party of the 2oviet :nion is
our "est teacher and we must learn from it. The
situation "oth at home and a"road is in our favour
we can rely fully on the wea!on of the !eo!le&s
democratic dictatorshi! unite the !eo!le throughout
the country the reactionaries e%ce!ted and advance
steadily to our goal.
NOTES
1. 'lso known as the world of /reat
0armony. 3t refers to a society "ased on
!u"lic ownershi! free from class
e%!loitation and o!!ression -- a lofty ideal
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long cherished "y the Chinese !eo!le. 0ere
the realm of /reat 0armony means
communist society.
. 2ee A. 1. Lenin "Left-Wing"
Communism, an Infantile Disorder, Cha!ter. Lenin saidD ;for nearly half a century --
a!!ro%imately from the &forties to the
&nineties -- advanced thinkers in 6ussia
under the o!!ression of an un!aralleled
savage and reactionary tsardom eagerly
sought for the correct revolutionary theory
and followed each and every &last word& in
uro!e and 'merica in this s!here with
astonishing diligence and thoroughness.
6ussia achieved *ar%ism the only correct
revolutionary theory verita"ly
throughsuffering,"y half a century of
un!recedented torment and sacrifice of
un!recedented revolutionary heroism
incredi"le energy devoted searching study
testing in !ractice disa!!ointment
verification and com!arison with uro!ean
e%!erience.;
E. 8aced with the o!!osition of the Chinese
!eo!le to her traffic in o!ium ritain sent
forces in 145-4 to invade wangtung and
other coastal regions of China under the
!rete%t of !rotecting trade. The troo!s in
wangtung led "y Lin Tse-hsu fought a
war of resistance.
4. 0ung 0siu-chuan >114-F4? who was
"orn in wangtung was the leader of a!easant revolutionary war in the middle of
the 19th century. 3n 1G1 he led a mass
u!rising in wangsi and !roclaimed the
esta"lishment of the Tai!ing 0eavenly
ingdom which held many !rovinces and
fought the Ching =ynasty for fourteen years.
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Logi!, *ontes,uieu&sL'$s(rit des Lois, and
other works were vehicles for the s!read of
uro!ean "ourgeois thought in China.
H. ' system of e%aminations ado!ted "y
China&s autocratic dynasties. 3t was a methodused "y the feudal ruling class for selecting
!ersonnel to govern the !eo!le and also for
enticing the intellectuals. The system dating
from the Hth century !ersisted into the early
5th century.
. The 6evolution of 1911 overthrew the
autocratic regime of the Ching =ynasty. 7n
7cto"er 15 of that year a section of the ew
'rmy at the urging of the revolutionarysocieties of the "ourgeoisie and !etty
"ourgeoisie staged an u!rising in #uchang.
This was followed "y u!risings in other
!rovinces and very soon the rule of the
Ching =ynasty crum"led. 7n January 1
191 the Provisional /overnment of the
6e!u"lic of China was set u! in anking
and 2un )at-sen was elected Provisional
President. The revolution achieved victory
through the alliance of the "ourgeoisie
!easants workers and ur"an !etty
"ourgeoisie. ut "ecause the grou! which
led the revolution was com!romising in
nature failed to "ring real "enefits to the
!easants and yielded to the !ressure of
im!erialism and the feudal forces state
!ower fell into the hands of the orthern
warlord )uan 2hih-kai and the revolution
failed.
9. ' hero in the novel Shui Hu Chuan
)Heroes of the *arshes+, who killed a tiger
with his "are hands on the Chingyang 6idge.
This is one of the most !o!ular e!isodes in
that famous novel.
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15. 8or the relation "etween the sociali(ation
of agriculture and the industriali(ation of the
country see n the uestion of .gri!ultural
Co-o(eration >2ections H and ? a re!ort
made "y Comrade *ao Tse-tung on July E1
19GG at the Conference of the 2ecretaries of
the Provincial *unici!al and 'utonomous
6egion Committees of the Chinese
Communist Party. 3n this re!ort Comrade
*ao Tse-tung on the "asis of 2oviet
e%!erience and our own country&s !ractice
greatly develo!ed the thesis that
sociali(ation of agriculture should !roceed
in ste! with socialist industriali(ation.
11. The ,uotation is from Chu 0si&s
commentary on the Confu!ian Do!trine of
the *ean, Cha!ter 1E.
Transcription y the Maoist !ocumentation Pro"ect#
$TM% revised &''( y Mar)ists#org
Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung
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