maría alonso human factors department, cidaut road safety engineering seminar
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María AlonsoHuman Factors Department, CIDAUT
Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST (27-28th June 07)
Human Factors in Road Infrastructure Design
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Human error
Everyone commits mistakes
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Human error
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Human error
90-95% of all road accidents have HUMAN ERROR as a component
(Treat, 1977)
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Human error
Treat (1977, et al.) performed a 5 year study that examined the causes of 2258 automobile accidents. Human error was the sole factor in 57% and a contributing factor in 92.6%.
Treat et al. further found that of accidents caused by human error, perceptual error was involved in 90% and response error in only 10%. If these results generalize to the other studies, then perceptual error is an important factor in over 80% of all automobile accidents.
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Human error
Do not blame the driver! Not unsafe driver but unsafe system> investigate the traffic system
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Human Factors
Performance limitations
Human performance fails if conditions exceed its tolerance limits
Sensation and perceptionInformation processing
Memory
Decision making
FatigueAlcohol
Drugs
Emotion
Stress
Per
sona
lity
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Human Factors
Examples of degraded performance:▫ Diminished ability to concentrate▫ Increase in judgement errors▫ Increase in failed detection of critical events▫ Needless risk-taking▫ …
Human Factors may be defined as the technology concerned with the analysis and optimisation of the relationship between people and their activities, by the integration of human sciences and engineering in systematic applications, in consideration for cognitive aspects and socio-technical working contexts… (Cacciabue, P.C., 2004)
Human Factors
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
DVE system
Vehicle Environment
Driver
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Road infrastructure Road infrastructure > drivers - environment interface
information as a guide for drivers’ activity and their interactions with other road users through:▫ road elements▫ the environmental context (Saad, F., 2002)
Vehicle
Environment Road Roadside Weather & Traffic conditions
Driver State Personality Task demand…
influence on
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HCD
Human – Centred Design needed by both engineers (knowledge of the traffic system and previous
actuations) and traffic psychologists (understanding of human performance and behaviour)
User Centred Design (UCD) approach, ISO 13407
needs
preferences
expectations
DRIVER
capabilities
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SER
Self – Explaining RoadsHow could the infrastructure
support driver’s activity? Adoption of homogeneous and consistent design principles that take
account of the different tasks to be performed by the various road users and the constraints on their execution.
‘Positive guidance’‘Road readability’
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RANKERS experimental work
RANKERS experiments
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Experiment 1 Road layout vs. driver performance
Experiment 2 Road signs vs. driver perception and
situation awareness
RANKERS experimental work
1 2
2
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Experiment 1
Objective: Road layout VS. Driver performance Analyse speed variation as a function of radius of curvature, taking
into account other variables which also influence driver’s choice of speed: curve direction, roadside environment.
How do drivers approach a curve? At which speeds?
When do they start to react to it? Braking or releasing gas pedal?
How do they behave along the curve? Curve negotiation
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Experiment 1
Scenario AP-66 motorway (León - Campomanes)
PICTURES
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Road Safety Engineering SeminarBUDAPEST, 28 / 06 / 07
Experiment 1
Experimental vehicle
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Experiment 1
In-depth exploration, expert analysis Experts drive session for road inspection
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Experiment 1
Field Studies: experimental design- Variables -
Independent variable
IV
Dependent variable
DVControl variables and co-variables
Radius of curvature
Large
Driver performance
measures
- Speed- Gas/Brake
pedals- Lateral
acceleration- Longitudinal acceleration- SWA
GenderMale
Small Female
Road familiarityYes
No
Driving Experience
≤ 5000 km/year
≥ 5000 km/year
Curve directionLeft-hand
Right-hand
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Experiment 1
Field tests
Video –
test example
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Experiment 2
Objective: Analyse road sign features (design, content, amount) in terms of their
adaptation to road environment, traffic situation and driver needs.
Can drivers perceive certain road signs?
Can they interpret them?
Is the number of signs appropriate? Are them visible?
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Experiment 2
Scenario AP-15 motorway (Tudela - Irurtzun)
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Experiment 2
First exploratory phase Experts drive session for road inspection Video recording
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Experiment 2
In-depth exploration, expert analysis Analysis of encountered problems
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Experiment 2
Users Tests Subjective analysis of significant aspects of traffic signs
▫ 20 subjects:− Gender: Male & Female− Age: > 25 years− Experience: > 10.000 km driven
▫ Tools:− Driving profile questionnaire− Traffic signs questionnaire
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General aspects:▫ Indication▫ Shape▫ Colour▫ Reinforced message▫ Highlighted features▫ Obstacles▫ Is this sign necessary?▫ Could this sign cause distraction?▫ Appropriate frequency
Assessment of traffic features:▫ Location▫ Size & shape▫ Colour vs. Environment▫ Text▫ Symbols and Icons▫ Typography▫ Amount of information▫ Contrast▫ Distribution of contents
Traffic signs questionnaire
Global assessment: 1-5
Experiment 2
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Experiment 1
Road layout vs. driver performance
Experiment 2
Road signs vs. driver perception & situation awareness
Results
Recommendations
+
Best practices
RANKING OF RECOMMENDATIONS
RSI
eBook
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What to avoid?
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What to encourage?
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Thanks for your attention!
Human Factors in Road Infrastructure Design
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