marine reptiles. reptiles, birds, mammals phylum chordata subphylum vertebrata 3 classes: class...
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Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 3 Classes:
Class Reptilia Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia
Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Evolved from fish-like vertebrates Moved from the water to the land Developed 2 pairs of limbs for walking – tetrapods Developed lungs to breathe Challenge of land - need to avoid drying out
Lungfish – A Missing Link
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/lungfish.jpg http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/8733.jpg
Class Osteichthyes Subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned) Breathe air through swim bladder Pectoral and pelvic fins → “legs”
http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/Vertebrates/BonyFishEvol-1.JPG
What About Amphibians?
Lungfish – now only freshwater Amphibians – some tolerate brackish water, none strictly marine Extinct amphibians - ancestors to the reptiles Extinct reptiles – ancestors to the birds
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/tetrapod_clade.gif
Marine Reptiles Better adapted to life on land than amphibians Skin covered with scales, prevents water loss Eggs – leathery shell, lay on land
http://www.ecologyasia.com/images-png/olive-sea-snake_5284.jpg
http://www.nps.gov/pais/naturescience/images/greencloseup-285.gif http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/03ml5d28gEa1Y/610x.jpg
Marine Reptiles
Some reinvaded the oceans, but still breathe air:
Turtles (Order Chelonia) Snakes (Order Squamata) Iguanas (Order Squamata) Crocodiles (Order Crocodilia)
NOAA
Marine Reptiles
Ectotherms (“cold-blooded”), so mostly in warmer waters, seasonal in temperate waters Cold stunning –
Turtles too far north when water temperature suddenly drops (<50°F) Get lethargic, immobile, float to surface, wash up on beach Fatal if not warmed
Marine Reptiles
Cold stunning – Local sea turtles rehabilitated by Riverhead Foundation
http://www.riverheadfoundation.org/mediacenter/detail.asp?briefing_id=35
Sea Turtles
2 families, 7 (or 8) species
http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/SeaTurtle/images/species1.gif and ...species2.gif
http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/dcoriacea/skeleton.gif
Sea Turtles Anatomy:
Dorsal shell = carapace Ventral shell = plastron Head does not retract
Sea Turtles
Green (and Black) Global tropical and temperate Eat seagrass, algae
http://www.turtles.org/i2401013.jpg
NOAA
Sea Turtles
Kemp’s Ridley Smallest species (2 ft, 100 lbs) Only Gulf of Mexico and W. Atlantic Nest only coast of Mexico, Texas Eat mostly crabs
http://www.chelonia.org/LkempiiJFa2.jpg http://www.neaq.org/images/get_involved/proud_parent2.jpg
Sea Turtles Olive Ridley
Slightly bigger than Kemp’s Ridley Most abundant species worldwide Indo-Pacific, S. Atlantic Mass gatherings to lay eggs (“arribada”) Omnivorous
NOAA NOAA
Sea Turtles
Hawksbill Global, most tropical species Hawk-like beak Eat mostly sponges
http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/twd/fish/PNG/doeppne-081.jpg
NOAA
Sea Turtles
Loggerhead Global tropical and temperate Most abundant species U.S. Eat benthic invertebrates
NOAA
Sea Turtles
Flatback Australia, coastal only Omnivorous
http://www.mcsuk.org/images/turtle/flatback_hatch_kellie_pendo.jpg http://www.seaturtlenet.com/Images/Flatback/Flatback3.jpg
Sea Turtles Leatherback
Largest species (7 ft, 1200 lbs) Global, widest distribution Dive deep (up to 4000 ft) “Warm-blooded” (counter-current circulation, fat) Eat jellyfishes
©Newsday, 2006
Sea Turtles
http://www.seaturtle.org/tracking/maps/86312.gif
Green TurtleReleased 9/30/08
Migrations Up to 3000 miles from nesting areas
Sea Turtles Internal fertilization at sea Females return to beach where they were born Lay eggs on beach (oviparous) at night, cover eggs with sand using rear flippers Several trips in one season, then not again for years
Sea Turtles
Incubation about 60 days Hatch at night, find water by moonlight If hatch day – easy to find water, but more predators Few survive to reproduce
http://www.nova.edu/ocean/seaturtles/sign2.jpg
Sea Turtles
http://www.herpdigest.org/turtles/hatch.jpg
http://www.susanscott.net/images/07-15_Green%20turtle%20hatchlings_bySAS.jpg
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1239/553140408_fffa55f330.jpg
http://seattlesteve.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/20080419-6.jpg
Sea Turtles Human impacts:
Food (meat & eggs), shell, leather Entangled, trapped in fishing nets Disrupt nests, confusion from lights All sea turtles threatened or endangered status
NOAA
Sea Snakes
Tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans 17 genera, 60+ species Most 3-4 ft long, flattened body, paddle tail, swim by undulation Ovoviviparous (eggs w/ yolk, live-born)
http://elapidcatcher.com/elapidcatcher.com/images/stories/snakes/yellow%20bellied%20sea%
http://image46.webshots.com/46/5/97/6/2275597060057246189LGPcsH_ph.jpg
Sea Snakes
http://www.arkive.org/media/8C/8C6D68E1-5028-4DA2-B60A-F485855B9E64/Presentation.Large/photo.jpg
Among most venomous snakes Carnivorous (bottom fish, eggs) One long lung, dive for up to 2 hours Salt excreting gland under tongue, also drink freshwater
http://www.underwaterplanet.com/Olive%20sea%20snake.jpg
Marine Iguanas Galapagos Islands (Pacific) only Only 1 species of iguanas in the sea 3-5 ft long, 1-4 lbs Glands in nose, sneeze out salt
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/800/marine-iguana.jpghttp://www.biology-blog.com/images/blogs/12-2006/Marine-iguanas.jpg
Marine Iguanas Time on land – warm up Time in water – dive up to 15 m, 1 hour, feed on seaweed
http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/02ocean/enimg/GA340.jpg
http://open.live.bbc.co.uk/dynamic_images/naturelibrary_626/downloads.bbc.co.uk/earth/naturelibrary/assets/m/ma/marine_iguana/marine_iguana_1.jpg
2 marine species: American crocodile (S. Florida, Caribbean, Mexico to S. America) Saltwater crocodile (SE Asia, N. Australia)
American crocodile
Marine Crocodiles
Saltwater crocodilehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg
Marine Crocodiles
Usually coastal in mangrove swamps and estuaries, can venture out to sea Most aggressive marine animal Carnivore, ambush predator SW Croc - largest marine reptile (up to 20 ft, 3000 lbs)
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