melissa pitotti, program officer multi-national planning augmentation team tempest express 8...
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Melissa Pitotti, Program Officer
Multi-National Planning Augmentation Team Tempest Express 8
Overview of the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees and
Migration (PRM)
Page 3Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Presentation Outline
•What is PRM?
•Why does it exist?
•What does it do?
•How does it do it?
•How that applies to you.
Page 6Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM Responsibilities
Coordinate USG policy on populationissues (promote reproductive health, reduce incidence of maternal and child mortality)
Support the organizations thatprotect and assist refugees and conflict victims
Promote orderly and humane migration policies globally and support programs toassist and protect vulnerable migrants
P
R
M
Page 8Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM Mission Statement
To provide protection, assistance, and sustainable solutions for refugees and victims of conflict, and to advance U.S. population and migration policies. To act through the multilateral system to achieve operational productivity on behalf of victims and burden-sharing productivity on behalf of the American taxpayer.
Page 9Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Who is a refugee?
• A person who is outside his/her country of origin; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution. (1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees/1967 Protocol)
• Persons compelled to leave their country owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his/her country of origin or nationality. (OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa – 1969)
• Persons who flee their country because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order. (Cartagena Declaration – 1984)
Page 10Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Key Refugee Instruments
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• Statute of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (1951)
• 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol
• 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
• Cartagena Declaration on Refugees (1984)
• UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)
Page 11Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Non-Refoulement (Art. 33, 1951 Convention)
“No contracting state shall expel or return (‘refouler’) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.”
Page 12Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
UNHCR: A Primary PRM Partner
• Responsible for Refugees and “Persons of Concern”
• Provides International Protection
• Seeks Permanent Solutions
• Work is “Humanitarian and Social” of “an Entirely Non-Political Character”
• Reports to the UN General Assembly
• Small administrative budget through UN assessed budget; otherwise voluntary contributions (including PRM’ annual contributions)
Page 13Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Who is an IDP?
• Internally displaced persons are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. (Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, OCHA, 1998)
Page 14Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Conflict Victims and the ICRC, A PRM Partner
• Victims of war and internal violence. Geneva Conventions lay out the basis of International Humanitarian Law.
• The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with assistance.
• Established in 1863, the The ICRC has a legal mandate from the international community, stemming from:
– the Geneva Conventions, which task the ICRC with visiting prisoners, organizing relief operations, re-uniting separated families and similar humanitarian activities during armed conflicts;
– the ICRC's Movements Statutes, which encourage it to undertake similar work in situations of internal violence, where the Geneva Conventions do not apply.
Page 15Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Vulnerable Migrants and IOM, A PRM Partner
• Irregular or undocumented migrants, refugees, IDPs. Could include economic migrants.
• The International Organization for Migration:
- Assists in meeting the growing operational challenges of migration management.
- Advance understanding of migration issues.
- Encourage social and economic development through migration.
- Uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
Page 17Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM Authorities - Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962(Public Law 87-510, June 28, 1962; 76 Stat. 121)
Authorizes: Section 2(a): Continued membership in IOM
Section 2(b)(1): Contributions to UNHCR, IOM, ICRC and “other relevant international organizations”
Section 2(b)(2): Assistance to or on behalf of refugees designated by the President when the President determines such assistance will contribute to the foreign policy interests of U.S. (authority delegated now to PRM Assistant Secretary)
Section 2(c): Establishment of a U.S. Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund not to exceed $100 million from which the President may draw “for the purpose of meeting unexpected urgent refugee and migration needs.”
Section 2(f): The President may furnish any assistance or make any contributions under this Act “notwithstanding any provision of law which restricts assistance to foreign countries.”
Page 18Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM Authorities - Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1157)
Section 101(a)(42): U.S. definition of refugee, including persons within their country of nationality if designated by the President
Section 207: Establishes refugee admissions program
President to determine number of refugees to be admitted each fiscal year after “appropriate consultation.”
President may exceed that number in case of unforeseen refugee emergency.
Secretary of Homeland Security may admit refugees.
Establishes and defines reporting and consultation requirements on admissions program.
Page 19Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM Programs• Protection
– Prevent refoulement (forced return to persecution)
– Promote physical protection
• Assistance– Address the humanitarian needs of refugees, conflict victims, and IDPs
(where USAID is unable to do)
• Facilitate durable solutions
– Voluntary repatriation
– Local integration
– Third Country Resettlement
• Refugee Admissions– Maximize admissions under Presidential ceiling– Address security and fraud– Streamline processing– Promote self-sufficiency after arrival
Page 21Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Humanitarian Coordination
• UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) – Under Secretary General and Emergency Relief Coordinator Jan Egeland
• OCHA mandate:– Humanitarian policy development and advocacy
– Coordinating humanitarian response of UN and non-UN players
– Identifying and filling gaps in humanitarian response
• OCHA works primarily through the Inter Agency Standing Committee (GA Resolution 46/182), Military and Civil Defense Unit (MCDU)
• ERC may designate a Humanitarian Coordinator to serve as his representative in a given emergency – often acts as Deputy SRSG
• Key OCHA tasks: civil-military coordination; information management; fundraising (Consolidated Appeals Process); IDPs
Page 22Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM Partners
International Organizations
• UN: UNHCR, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), World Food Program (WFP), Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), UN Development Program (UNDP), UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
• International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Non Governmental Organizations (examples)
• International Rescue Committee (IRC), International Medical Corps (IMC), Save the Children (SCF), Mercy Corps (MC), American Refugee Committee (ARC)
Page 23Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
FY 2004: PRM Funding Allocation
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 604,445,334$
UNHCR 41.5% 289,225,248$
ICRC 18.4% 128,264,786$
UNRWA 18.3% 127,396,312$
IOM 3.9% 27,199,391$
WFP 2.1% 14,700,000$
UNICEF 1.5% 10,400,000$
IFRC 0.5% 3,617,000$
UNDP 0.3% 2,308,903$
OCHA 0.2% 1,333,694$
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 13.1% 91,689,245$
INTRA US GOVERNMENT / OTHER 0.2% 1,242,445$
OVERSEAS ASSISTANCE TOTAL 697,377,024$
OVERSEAS ASSISTANCE
Page 24Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
FY 2004 BudgetRegional Overseas Assistance
Western Hemisphere
3%
Africa39%
Strategic Global Priorities
9%
South Asia11%
Near East24%
Europe9%
East Asia3%
Migration2%
AFRICA 39% 272,291,042$
NEAR EAST 24% 170,740,152$
SOUTH ASIA 11% 73,890,322$
STRATEGIC GLOBAL PRIORITIES 9% 62,682,548$
EUROPE 9% 59,938,282$
WESTERN HEMISPHERE 3% 20,782,094$
EAST ASIA 3% 20,749,934$
MIGRATION 2% 16,302,650$
697,377,024$ TOTAL
Page 25Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Executive Office(P R M /E X )
Comptroller(P R M /C )
Policy & ResourcePlanning
(P R M /P R P )except Migration
Assistance forAsia & Near East
(P R M /A N E )
Mult. Coordination& External Rels.
(P R M /M C E )UNHCR only
Richard L. GreeneP rin c ip a l D ep u ty A ss t. S ecy.
Assistance forEurope, NIS & Americas
(P R M /E N A )
Assistancefor Africa
(P R M /A F R )
Mult. Coordination& External Rels.
(P R M /M C E )except UNHCR
Linda Thomas-GreenfieldD ep u ty A ss t. S ecy.
Admissions(P R M /A )
Population(P R M /P O P )
Policy & ResourcePlanning
(P R M /P R P )Migration only
J. Kelly RyanD ep u ty A ss t. S ecy.
V acantA ssistant S ecretary
PRM Organizational Chart
Page 26Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
PRM STAFFING: Budgeted Positions in FY-05
• DOMESTIC:– 74 CS– 21 FS
• OVERSEAS:
– 24 FS
18%
20%
62% CSFS Dom.FS Overs.
Page 28Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
Refugee Coordinator Locations
• Abidjan
• Accra
• Addis Ababa
• Amman
• Baghdad*
• Bangkok
• Belgrade
• Bogota*
• Brussels (USEU)
• Cairo
• Geneva (5)
• Havana
• Ho Chi Minh City
• Islamabad
• Kabul (2)
• Kampala
• Pristina
• Moscow
• Nairobi
• Tbilisi
Page 30Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
OFDA’s Disaster Assistance Response Team
• DARTs provide an operational presence on the ground to respond to fast onset disasters and long-term complex disasters.
• DARTs– Coordinate the assessment of the situation and reports on the needs
– Recommend USG response actions
– Manage USG onsite relief activities (like search and rescue and air operations)
– Manage the receipt, distribution, and monitoring of USG-provided relief supplies
– Assess the effectiveness of the overall humanitarian response
– Identify the needs not being met by current overall response efforts
– Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of current USG-funded relief activities
– Review proposals of relief activities for possible future funding
– Advise Embassy/USAID/PRM on disaster issues
– Fund relief organizations and procure contractual services
• DARTs coordinate with the affected country, UN relief agencies, private voluntary organizations, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, other assisting countries and, if involved, the military.
• Liaisons established between military and relief community to ensure that efforts are mutually supportive and not duplicative.
Page 32Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
The Military in Disaster Relief• Primary role is to supplement/ complement relief efforts of the affected
country’s civil authorities or the humanitarian relief community
• Support may include: – Delivering humanitarian assistance (i.e. airlifts, medical support)
– Information support (aerial reconnaissance useful to track refugee movements and site selections*)
– Providing security for humanitarian operations (only after trying to negotiate for access)
– Coordinated of evacuations
• Tips:Humanitarian agencies to be, and be seen to be, neutral and impartial
acting solely on the basis of need.
Establish principles and reconcile mandates early on
Develop civ-mil communication channels
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