michael j. klarman chapter 6 presented by adam mcbride from jim crow to civil rights
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MICHAEL J. KLARMANCHAPTER 6
PRESENTED BYADAM MCBRIDE
From JIM CROWto CIVIL RIGHTS
1951 - Moton High School Strike
Black students began a strike against overcrowding and other unequal conditions in their school.
The NAACP filed a lawsuit that became one of the five cases known as Brown v. Board of Education.
2
Black Empowerment
Several million blacks had migrated from southern farms to northern cities in search of greater economic opportunities.
Demographic shifts produced an urban black middle class with the education, disposable income, and lofty expectations conducive to involvement in social protest.
Economic gains enabled blacks to challenge the racial status quo.
3
Nazi Germany USA – Jim Crow South
White SupremacyAnti-BlackAnti-SemiticAnti-Homosexuals
Redefining if it is a Nation based off of white evangelical Christianity
Forced to reconsider their racial preconceptions to clarify the differences
We still love JewsAnti-Homosexuals
WWII: Fascism & Jim Crow South4
LAW OR POLITICS?
BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION
5
May 17, 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education unanimously invalidated racial segregation in public schools.
Segregated public schools were “inherently unequal” and thus violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
6
Fourteenth Amendment
Written by a Congress that enforced segregated schools in the district of Columbia for nearly 100 years. Suggesting they considered segregation to be
constitutional.What is the intent and definition of the
Fourteenth Amendment?Should the Constitution be a living
document?
7
Chief JusticeFred M. Vinson
“hard to get away from the long continued interpretation of Congress ever since the Amendments.”
“public schools in the District of Columbia have long been segregated.”
“hard to get away from that construction by those who wrote the amendments and those who followed.”
8
Hugo Black
Deep South Alabama
Once belonged to the Ku Klux Klan
Textual literalist
“violence if the courts hold segregation unlawful.”
“states would probably take evasive measures while purporting to obey.”
“protection of the negro against discrimination.”
9
Stanley F. Reed
“negroes have not thoroughly assimilated.”
“states should be left to work out the problems for themselves.”
“would uphold separate but equal.”
10
LOATHED SEGREGATION BUT DOUBTED WHETHER IT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL
Frankfurter & JacksonA conflict between law & politics.
11
4-3-2 9-0
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson
Doubts of whether it was unconstitutional
Worry of violent backlash from the South
No pressure as their was not a majority ruling
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson dies before case is reargued
Earl Warren becomes new Chief Justice
Warren with the 4 already made a majority
Justice who disagreed felt pressure to suppress their convictions for the good of the institution
Justices knew resisters would exploit any hint of internal Court dissension
From 4-3-2 to 9-012
AVOIDING RACIAL CONTROVERSY FOR A DECADE, TO RETURN TO THE 60 ’S AS
FOLLOWERS, NOT LEADERS, L ISTENING TO NATIONAL OPINION
Post Brown13
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