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Miranda AvalosJaneth CoronelLucy CorvarrubiasElizabeth FloresJanet HernandezSamantha HerreraStephanie LamSavannah Parra
Indo-Pakistani War
Causes of War
Deep ethic, religious and economic differences separated the Western and Eastern Pakistan's.
Mountbattens’s partition plan- states could join India or Pakistan or become independent.
Muslims rose up against Hindu administration
Pakistani government sent Muslim tribesmen into Kashmir to overthrow the government
Calcutta Massacre from Aug. 16-20 1946 (catalyst to Mountbatten's visit) thousands dead
Maharajah appealed to India for military aidMaharajah’s acceptance of conditions invited formal intervention on the part of the Pakistani army and igniting first Indo-Pakistan WarBrokering of the eventual ceasefire (An agreement to stop military operations; not necessarily a final end to hostilities
Progress of the War
Lost 1500 regular soldiers and the civilian casualties ran into thousandsKashmir formally became part of India, “Free Kashmir”Spark another border war over Kashmir-1965Resolution 47 when the United Nations helped mediate the war. the resolution divided Kashmir
Effects
KASHMIR WAR 1965
“Break the pen, spill the ink, burn the paperLock your lips, be silent, shhh. . . .Say “I saw nothing” even if you didOr else have your eyes gouged outKeep humming eulogies, be silentIt is the season of burying the truth. . .
- Bashir ManzarKashmir writer
Origins of the Conflict
Primarily an ideological war Kashmir is symbolic of both countries Pakistan refused to recognize Indian
Kashmir Led to more border clashes and the
border war of ‘65, the Kashmir War ( “Free Kashmir” movement ) Began in the sub-continent Ran of Kutch
Immediate causes of the war Border clashes between India and
Pakistan Along borders, army patrols routinely
fought small skirmishes Inevitable that if major hostilities broke
out elsewhere on the border it would spread to Kashmir
Major Developments
India developing into a democracy
- single dominant party
Pakistan more authoritarian with military
1958 military took control of Pakistan in a coup
General Ayub Khan was in control
Alliances
Both wanted alliances with developed states
Pakistan became member of two western alliance systems (SEATO and CENTO)
India believed in non-alignment policy
Became difficult with a growing border war against China
Deteriorating Sino-Soviet relations, made the Kremlin try establish ties with India
U.S supplied arms to both countries to prevent spread of communism
Soviet Union aided India Pakistan tried to draw
closer to China Alliances showed
effects of Cold War developments
Foreign aid made both armies more effective, more damage & tension
“… I can’t listen to the thunder of the clouds, it reminds me of a bomb blast. I feel the green of my garden has faded, perhaps it too mourns…” – Anonymous Kashmir writer
Progression of the War
April 1965, Pakistan army scored victory before agreed ceasefire
Boosted confidence of Pakistani army
May 1965, Sheikh Abdullah arrested for meeting with Chinese Prime Minister
Angry protests in Kashmir Pakistani Parliament decided
to make an aggressive move to win Kashmir
Prompted guerilla attacks ("Operation Gibraltar“ ) by Pakistan soldiers dressed as Kashmir civilians
Progression of the War (cont.)
Rouse found out quickly, both attacked
Used new weapons ( infantry, tanks, air power ) supplied by new patrons, U.S and Russia
India took fight into Pakistan, major indecisive fight “stalemate”
Both accepted a ceasefire on 23 September
Soviet Prime Minister Alexsei Kosygin asked both to conference in January 1966 where they agreed to a permanent ceasefire in Kashmir, this was the Tashkent Declaration
(left to right) Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, Pakistani Foreign Minister Z. A. Bhutto, Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Russian Premier Kosygin
Effects of the War
Thousands of deaths; mostly men. Deaths- 3,000 Indian soldiers, and 3,800 Pakistani
soldiers Pakistan lost more land than India Economic decrease of Pakistan due of war costs orphans in dangerous and hazardous conditions Increase in suicide rates Lack of health care, more diseases. Drop in education, health care, social Resentment for large security forces India was grew as an economic world power.
Notable Players and People
Ayub Khan ( 1907 – 74 ) Trained as officer in British
army, became chief of staff in independent Pakistan
Led a bloodless coup in 1958
Maintained close ties with both China and U.S
Led Pakistan in the 1965 war against India with initial success
Felt “betrayed” by U.S after an embargo against both Pakistan and India
Relations Today
“In our search for a lasting solution to the Kashmir problem, both in its external and internal dimensions, we shall not traverse solely on the beaten track of the past. Mindsets will have to be altered and historical baggage jettisoned.”
- Atal Behari Vaypayeeprime minister of India, January 2002
“If we want to normalize relations between Pakistan and India and bring harmony to the region, the Kashmir dispute will have to be resolved peacefully through a dialogue, on the basis of the aspirations of the Kashmir people. Solving the Kashmir issue is the joint responsibility of our two countries… Mr. Vaypayee… I take you up on this offer. Let us start talking in this spirit.”
- General Pervez MusharrafPresident of Pakistan, January 2002
1947 Pakistan is divided.East- Awami party ( Bengal) – leader Sheikh Mujibur Rehman West- Pakistan People’s party- leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto1971- entire East Pakistan in revolt, “Peace” by Junior General Tikka Khan
War of 1971
Guerilla group forms- Mukti Bahni (Freedom battalion/fore/ army)Indira Ghandi Prime Minister or India- Treaty of Peace friendship and CooperationMost prominent point is this war is not religious but political.
Paterstan divided 1947-East and West22 November is main artillery strike, India only admits to actually striking on 3 December( associated with 6 day war of 1967)Mostly naval and air attacks4 December navy launches missile attack, ceases on 17 December, India announces unilateral ceasefire
Immediate Causes
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