mobilization of energy increased cardiovascular tone suppression of digestion suppression of growth...

•Mobilization of energy

•Increased cardiovascular tone

•Suppression of digestion • •Suppression of growth

•Suppression of reproduction

•Enhancement of immune system

•Sharpening of cognition

The Stress-Response

•Mobilization of energy………………………Fatigue, diabetes, muscle loss

•Increased cardiovascular tone…………….Hypertension, heart disease

•Suppression of digestion…………………..Stress ulcers• •Suppression of growth……………………..Stress dwarfism

•Suppression of reproduction………………Anovulation, erectile dysfunction

•Enhancement of immune system…………Immune suppression, accelerated

chromosomal aging of immune

cells

•Sharpening of cognition……………………Impaired memory and judgment

The consequences of chronic stress

•Mobilization of energy………………………Fatigue, diabetes, muscle loss

•Increased cardiovascular tone…………….Hypertension, heart disease

•Suppression of digestion…………………..Stress ulcers• •Suppression of growth……………………..Stress dwarfism

•Suppression of reproduction………………Anovulation, erectile dysfunction

•Enhancement of immune system…………Immune suppression

•Sharpening of cognition……………………Impaired memory and judgment

The consequences of chronic stress

Impaired synaptic plasticity

Atrophy of dendritic networks of communication

Fewer new neurons

Dead neurons!

Decreased overall hippocampal volume

Stress effects on the hippocampus: the realm of memory

Impaired formation and retrieval of long-term memories

Result:

Effects of stress and GCs on fear and anxiety

Increased: -post-shock freezing-consolidation of fear conditioning-cued & contextual fear memory-resistance to fear extinction-anxiety

Conrad, Fanselow, Korte, LeDoux, McGaugh, Quirk, Roozendaal, Sandi

Effects of stress and GCs on the amygdala

Increased: -synaptic excitability-dendritic aborization

LeDoux, Vyas, Mitra, Chatterjee

More anxiety, faster fear-conditioning, slower habituation

Result:

Weakened conscious memories;Exaggerated autonomic memories.

Combining hippocampal and

amygdaloid effects of chronic stress:

The effects of chronic stress in the mesolimbic dopamine system

Depletion of dopaminePiazza, Maccari, Le Moal

Loss of the capacity for pleasure:DEPRESSION

Result:

The effects of stress in the frontal cortex

Decreased connectivity in neural networks by way of fewer dendritic branches and

spines

Recovery that produces a “different” frontal cortex, cytoarchitecturally

Wellman, Radley, Morrison

Dumb-Ass decisions that seem really insightful at the

time you make them

Result:

When does predictive information help?

Latency until stressor

HelpfulImmediate Long infuture

No time toplan coping

strategy

The anticipatoryanxiety outweighs

the advantages

ExtremelyLikely

Helpful

You alreadyassume it

will happen

You’re notworrying about it

ExtremelyUnlikely

When does predictive information help?

Likelihood of stressor

When does a sense of control help?Severity of stressor

HelpfulMild

stressorDisastrous

stressor

Look how much worseIt could have been

Look how much betterIt could have been

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DO

PA

MIN

E

Signal Work Reward

DO

PA

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Signal Work Reward

DO

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MIN

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100% ________

50% ---------

Signal Work Reward

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Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

1 pellet

2 pellets

2 pellets 1 pellet

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Ishi, last of the Southern Yahi Tribe in California, forced to live in Anthropology Museum at Berkeley

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