module 21 health, stress & coping. introduction stress –panic disorder...

Module 21

Health, Stress & Coping

INTRODUCTION• Stress

– Panic Disorder• ________________________________________• person becomes so worried about having another panic

attack that this intense worrying interferes with normal psychological functioning

– Panic Attack• period of intense fear or discomfort in which four or more

of the following symptoms are present:– _________________________________– _________________________________– _________________________________– ___________________________________– ___________________________________

INTRODUCTION

• Stress– ___________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

APPRAISAL• Primary appraisals

– refers to our initial, subjective evaluation of a situation, in which we balance the demands of a potentially stressful situation against our ability to meet these demands

– Three different primary appraisals (examples)• irrelevant: ________________________• positive:

____________________________________________________

• stressful: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Primary appraisals– Harm/loss appraisal

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________• ______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Primary appraisals– Threat appraisal

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________

APPRAISAL (CONT.)• Primary appraisals

– Challenge appraisal• means that you have the potential for gain or personal

growth • need to mobilize your physical energy and psychological

resources to meet the challenging situation• elicits positive emotions, such as eagerness or

excitement• usually less stressful than harm/loss or a threat appraisal

APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Appraisal and stress level– Galvanic skin response

• measure of how much a person’s hand sweats due to physiological arousal and not to normal temperature changes

APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Same situation, different appraisals– __________________________________________– ___________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

APPRAISAL

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES

• Fight-flight response– directs great resources of energy to the muscles and

the brain– can be triggered by either physical stimuli that

threaten our survival or psychological situations that are novel, threatening, or challenging

– involves numerous physiological responses that arouse and prepare the body for action

– fight or flight

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Sequence for activation of the fight-flight response

– appraisal

• physically or psychologically threatening stimuli can trigger the fight-flight response and negative emotional feelings

• fear, rage

– hypothalamus

• simultaneously activates two stress-related responses: it triggers the pituitary gland to release a stress fighting hormone called ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

• activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Sequence for activation of the fight-flight response– sympathetic division

• activated by hypothalamus• triggers a number of physiological responses• Parasympathetic division

– activated by the hypothalamus– returns the body to a more relaxed, calm state

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Sequence for activation of the fight-flight response– fight-flight response

• increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, secretion of excitatory hormones, and many other responses

• prepares body to deal with impending threat

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)• Psychosomatic symptoms

– __________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– _____________________________________

– psychosomatic is derived from:

– __________________________________________

– __________________________________________

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Development of symptoms– Genetic predisposition

• most of us inherit a tendency that targets a particular organ or bodily system for weakening or breaking down

• heart, blood vessels, stomach lining, or immune system• different individuals who are in similar stressful situations

experience different kinds of psychosomatic symptoms

– Lifestyles• smoking, being overweight, not exercising, or taking little

time for relaxing

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Development of symptoms– Threat appraisals

• some of us are more likely to appraise situations as threatening

• elicit negative emotions• trigger fight-flight response• psychosomatic symptoms• poor lifestyles and too many threat appraisals• can damage or break down body organs that may

have already been weakened

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)• General adaptation syndrome

– GAS, refers to the body’s reaction to stressful situations during which it goes through a series of three stages (gradually increase the chances of developing psychosomatic symptoms

– Alarm stage• initial reaction to stress and is marked by activation of the

fight-flight response• causes physiological arousal

– Resistance stage• the body’s reaction to continued stress during which most

of the physiological responses return to normal levels but the body uses up great stores of energy

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• General adaptation syndrome– Exhaustion stage

• the body’s reaction to long-term, continuous stress, marked by actual breakdown in internal organs or weakening of the infection-fighting immune system

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)• Mind-body connection

– ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Mind-body therapy– ________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)• Immune system

– body’s defense and surveillance network of cells and chemicals that fight off bacteria, viruses, and other foreign or toxic substances

– psychoneuroimmunology– study of the relationship among three factors– central nervous system– endocrine system– psychosocial factors

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES• Kinds of stress

– Hassles• ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

– Uplifts• ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

– Major life events• ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES• Kinds of stress

– Adjustment disorder• ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

• condition includes these symptoms– _____________________________________– ___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Situational stress– Frustration

• the awful feeling that results when your attempts to reach some goal are blocked

– Burnout• refers to being physically overwhelmed and

exhausted, finding the job unrewarding and becoming cynical or detached, and developing a strong sense of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment in this particular job

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)• Situational stress

– Violence• posttraumatic stress disorder• a disabling condition that results from personally experiencing an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or from witnessing such an event, or hearing of such an event happening to a family member or close friend

• number of psychological symptoms– _______________

______________________

– _____________________________________

– _____________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict– ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Approach-approach conflict– ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict– Avoidance-avoidance conflict

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)• Conflict

– Approach-avoidance conflict• ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)• Conflict

– Five styles of dealing with conflict

1.Avoidance– by avoiding or ignoring conflict, it will disappear or

magically go away

2.Accommodation– hate conflicts and tend to please people and worry

about approval

3.Domination– go to any lengths to win, even if it means being

aggressive and manipulative

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict– Five styles of dealing with conflict

4.Compromise– recognize that others have different needs and

try to solve conflicts through compromise

5.Integration– try to resolve conflicts by finding solutions to

please both partners

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Anxiety– ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)• Conditioned emotional response

– results when an emotional response (fear or anxiety) is classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus

• Observational learning– form of cognitive learning– results from watching and modeling – does not require the observer to perform any observable

behavior or receive a reinforcer• Anxiety (according to Freud)

– when there is an unconscious conflict between the id’s and superego’s desires regarding how to satisfy a need (ego caught in the middle)

– ego’s solution: create a feeling of anxiety

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Positive stress– Eustress

• pleasant • desirable• stress that is healthful and keeps us engaged in

situations

STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS

• Hardiness– combination of three personality traits:

• ____________________________• ____________________________• ____________________________

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS

• Locus of control– a continuum– one end is the belief that you are basically in control

of life’s events • what you do influences the situation• belief is called an internal locus of control

– other end is the belief that chance and luck mostly determine what happens

• you do not have much influence• belief is called an external locus of control

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS• Optimism Versus Pessimism

– Optimism• ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– Pessimism• ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS

• Positive Psychology– ________________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS• Type A Behavior 1970’s (impatient, hostile, workaholic)

– Type A• refers to a combination of personality traits that include

and overly competitive and aggressive drive to achieve• hostile attitude when frustrated• habitual sense of time urgency• rapid and explosive pattern of speaking• being a workaholic

– Type B• characterized as being easygoing, calm, relaxed, and

patient

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS

• Type A Behavior 1980’s-1990’s– Type A

• defined in the 1980’s as – being depressed– easily frustrated– anxious– angry– some combination of these traits

• defined in the 1990’s– specifies an individual who feels angry and hostile

much of the time– may or may not express these emotions publicly

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS

• Type D Behavior– defined as chronic distress in terms of two emotional states

• negative affectivity– worry– irritability– gloom

• social inhibition– shy and reserved– lacking self-assurance

PERSONALITY & SOCIAL FACTORS• Social Support

– refers to three factors:• ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

KINDS OF COPING

• Appraisal– Secondary appraisal

• deciding to deal with a potentially stressful situation by using one or both of two different coping patterns

• Problem-focused• Emotion focused

KINDS OF COPING• Problem focused

– means we try to decrease stress by solving the problem through seeking information

– changing our own behavior– taking whatever action is needed to resolve the difficulty

• Emotion focused– means we do things primarily to deal with our emotional

distress– seeking support and sympathy – avoiding or denying the situation

KINDS OF COPING