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Monitoring of vertebrates by Operation Wallacea in the Iwokrama and Surama Forests, Guyana
Research Report 2011 Jake Bicknell, Andrew Snyder, James Kemp, Dr. Burton Lim
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Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Stakeholders ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Goals of this monitoring ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Team members ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Survey sites and spatial design .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Sites ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Survey spatial design .............................................................................................................. 5
3. Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Bird mist net surveys .............................................................................................................. 5 3.2 Bat mist net surveys................................................................................................................ 6 3.3 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds ............................................. 6 3.4 Herpetile transect surveys ...................................................................................................... 7 3.5 Burro-Burro River surveys ...................................................................................................... 8 3.6 Giant otter status and distribution ......................................................................................... 9
4. Results .............................................................................................................................................. 10 4.1 Survey effort ......................................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Bird mist net surveys ............................................................................................................ 10 4.3 Bat mist net surveys.............................................................................................................. 11 4.4 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds ........................................... 13 4.5 Herpetile surveys (transects and opportunistic) .................................................................. 14 4.6 Burro-Burro River surveys .................................................................................................... 16 4.7 Giant otter status and distribution ....................................................................................... 17 4.8 Other opportunistic findings................................................................................................. 17
5. References ....................................................................................................................................... 18 6. Appendix .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Appendix 1. Understory bird species presence per site. ............................................................ 19 Appendix 2. Bat species presence per site. ................................................................................ 21 Appendix 3. Large mammal and large-ranging bird species presence by site. .......................... 22 Appendix 4. Reptile and amphibian species presence by site. ................................................... 23 Appendix 5. River target species presence by river transect site ............................................... 25
Summary From June-August 2011, Operation Wallacea teams sampled five forest sites in central Guyana. Surveys focused on bats, birds, large mammals, reptiles and amphibians. These surveys aimed to establish a base-line dataset for the monitoring of key biodiversity taxa, and will be replicated annually by Operation Wallacea teams. During this first year of surveys, key findings include records of two bat species that have not been previously recorded from the area, and one species of snake that also has not been recorded here. In terms of relative abundance, all sites showed similar species composition, however catch/encounter rates consistently differed between sites with some sites showing greater abundance of certain groups.
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1. Introduction 1.1 Stakeholders Operation Wallacea is a network of academics from European and North American universities, who design and implement biodiversity and conservation management research programmes. Research is supported by students who join the programme, to strengthen their CV or resume, gain course credit, or collect data for a dissertation or thesis. Academics benefit from funding for high quality fieldwork enabling them to publish papers in peer reviewed journals. This model enables the collection of large temporal and spatial datasets used for assessing the effectiveness of conservation management interventions. The Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC) forms an international partnership between Guyana and the Commonwealth, to demonstrate how tropical forests can be sustainably used in the interest of global scale climate change, local communities, and biodiversity conservation. The Iwokrama Forest in central Guyana is 3710 km2 of low-lying terra firme neotropical rainforest that is of global importance to biodiversity conservation, and carbon storage. The IIC’s mission is: ‘To promote the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of tropical rainforest in a manner that leads to lasting ecological, economic and social benefits to the people of Guyana and to the world in general, by undertaking research, training and development and dissemination of technologies.’ The Iwokrama Forest is divided into roughly half Sustainable Utilization Area (SUA), where sustainable use of forest resources are permitted and tested, and half Wilderness Preserve (WP), where there is no commercial extraction of forest resources. Surama Village in the North Rupununi, Region 9, is a primarily Makushi Amerindian community that is part of the villages encompassed under the administration of Annai Village. Surama’s vision is: ‘We will develop, own and manage a community-based eco-tourism business by constructively using the natural resources and our traditional culture in a socially appropriate manner. We will provide opportunities for our people through research, training and employment. We will work with our partners for mutual respect and benefits.’ 1.2 Goals of this monitoring The purpose of this monitoring is to provide long-term datasets on key biodiversity taxa, and to record trends in abundance (and to some extent diversity) of these taxa. These data may be used to understand changes in the Iwokrama and Surama forests in relation to anthropogenic impacts, climate change and climate fluctuations (in particular El Niño Southern Oscillation patterns), and also the effectiveness of management interventions. These surveys will also provide an equal coverage of the SUA and WP parts of the Iwokrama Forest and therefore provide further understanding of this management technique. Additionally these surveys will provide coverage of parts of this area that have not been previously surveyed, and may therefore provide additions to the species list for the area. There are now several derivatives of the UNFCC Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism where biodiversity criteria are included in payments derived from REDD+ funding (such as the Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance standards). This dataset may therefore be used for similar initiatives in Guyana. 1.3 Team members Scientists Birds & large mammals: Jake Bicknell – University of Kent/Operation Wallacea Herpetiles: Andrew Snyder – University of Mississippi/Operation Wallacea Bats: Burton Lim – Royal Ontario Museum James Kemp – Operation Wallacea
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Local guides/rangers Micah Davis, Floria Francis, James Honorio, Armstrong Simon, Martin Carter, Russian Dorrick, Alex Honorio (Iwokrama International Centre); Ron Allicock, Ovid Allicock, Kurt Singh, Garry Sway, Arnaldo, Junior, Kenneth Butler and Clifford Sway (Surama Village). Operation Wallacea research assistants Nina Cooke (expedition medic), Shalinee Bhoobun (expedition medic), Michael Fulham, Nikkita Autar, Charlotte Dunn, Thomas Horsley, Vicky Houde, Carl Bryce Hubbell, Guy Kantorowich, Neil Wilson, Judith Betz, Cara Bulger, Ariana Burgener, Emma Downie, Patrick Fenner, Rebecca Kane, Jennifer Lee, Marisa Levin, Etienne Littlefair, Tyler Pockette, Sheona Proven, Christopher Schofield, Megan Sorensen, Hannah Walker, Joanna Welch and Laura Woods.
2. Survey sites and spatial design 2.1 Sites During June – August 2011, five sites were surveyed; four within the Iwokrama Forest - Turtle Mountain (SUA), Kabocalli (WP), Canopy Walkway (SUA), Sandstone (SUA), and one outside the Iwokrama Forest - Surama Forest. Additionally, two stretches of the Burro-Burro River were surveyed for river associated wildlife (Fig.1). This area lies between 4° and 5° north and 58° and 59° west, and is characterised by low-lying terra firme tropical rainforest, dominated by Chlorocardium rodiei, Eperua falcata, Dicorynia guianensis, Mora excelsa and Swartzia leiocalycina. Rainfall averages ~3,000 mm yr–1, with a rainy season from April to July (400-500 mm). Most other months experience ~200 mm. Temperatures range from an average minimum of 22°C at night during the July rainy season to an average maximum of 36°C during the October dry season. All sites are characterised by high forest, with the exception of Surama Forest which is located at the frontier of forest and savannah, and may therefore be considered ‘intermediate’.
Iwokrama Research Centre
Turtle Mountain
Kabocalli
Sandstone
Rock Landing
Canopy Walkway
Surama
Fig 1. Survey sites (black), and other logistical sites (white). White lines indicate the two river transects along the Burro-Burro River. Red line shows the boundary of the Iwokrama Forest.
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2.2 Survey spatial design At each terrestrial site two 1-4km transects were used to survey large mammals, large-ranging birds, and herpetiles (see specific sections for details). These transects radiated out in different directions greater than 90° from one-another. At each site mist nets were used to sample understorey birds and bats. In most cases the first 200m of one of the transects was also used for the mist net array. (Fig. 2).
50m
50
m
Bird nets – 18 in a row along transect
Bat nets – in pairs (18)
Transect – Mammals, herpetiles, large birds
Access trail
Camp
Mist net array
Fig. 2. Example of transect set-up and mist-net array which was similar at all sites. Bird nets are shown in blue, and bat nets in red.
3. Methods 3.1 Bird mist net surveys Survey methods 18 (12 x 2.6 metre) mist nets were placed directly along the transect line, shown in Fig. 2. Nets were opened at 06:00 (dawn) and closed at 18:00 (dusk). Nets were checked approximately every 30 minutes, and birds were extracted and returned to the camp for recording. Birds were identified using two field guides (Hilty 2002; Restall et al 2006), sexed and aged where possible. In order to record recaptures, birds were marked by making a small triangular clipping on the right-hand outer tail feather. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of birds caught per 1000 net hours (the number caught per net, per hour, multiplied by 1000). Target species All species caught in nets were considered target.
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3.2 Bat mist net surveys Methods 18 (12 x 2.6 metre) mist nets were placed in pairs at each of the nine positions shown in the gird format in Fig. 2. Nets were opened at 18:00 (dusk) and closed at 00:00. Nets were checked approximately every 30 minutes, and bats were extracted and returned to the camp for recording. Bats were identified using the key developed by Lim & Engstrom (2001), sexed and aged, and reproductive status noted. In order to record recaptures, bats were marked by making a small (3mm) hole punch in the wing membrane (left hand side close to foot) using a biopsy punch. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of bats caught per 1000 net hours (the number caught per net, per hour, multiplied by 1000). Target species All species caught in nets were considered target. 3.3 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds Following Peres 1999, both line transects were surveyed simultaneously by two separate teams, between the hours of 06:00 – 10:00. Teams were composed of one primary spotter (a local ranger or guide), and two assistants. Observers slowly walked the transects observing for target species. Upon detection of target species (by either vocalisation, direct sighting or tracks/signs), the perpendicular distance was measured (see Fig. 3.) to enable density estimation (Buckland et al. 2001), as well as the group size and any available demographics.
Fig. 3. Method for measuring the perpendicular distance from the transect line to the target species for line transect monitoring. Where possible, observers measure the perpendicular distance without the need for the angle. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of detections per 10km of transect. For group living species, encounter rate is calculated from the number of group encounters, whereas for solitary species, the encounter rate is calculated from encounters of individuals. Target species Target species were selected based on the likelihood of obtaining robust population density estimates using line transect sampling, and to provide a representative profile of species across dietary guilds (Table 1). Closely related congeners of a few of these species, which cannot be reliably differentiated in the field (e.g. the tinamous and the parrots), were pooled together into single functional groups (as in Bicknell & Peres 2010 and Peres & Palacios 2007). Large-ranging birds were considered those that have large (>10 ha-1) home ranges. These include the parrot family, toucans,
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one species of gregarious forest falcon, and various terrestrial bird groups (see Table 1). Other large mammal species encountered were also recorded, but do not provide robust abundance metrics. Table 1. Primary target species for morning transect walks. Some represent functional groups where individual species recognition is unreliable in the field.
Taxa Species
Scientific name
Primates
Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus Red Howler Monkey Alouatta macconnelli Wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus White-faced Saki Pithecia pithecia
Rodents Red-rumped Agouti Dasyprocta leporina
Ungulates Red-brocket and Grey-brocket deer Mazama americana, gouazoubira White-lipped and collared Peccary Tayassu pecari, tajucu
Large-ranging birds Macaws Ara choropterus, macao, ararauna Parrots Amazona spp.; Pionites melanocephalus;
Pionopsitta caica; Deroptyus accipitrinus; Pionus fuscus, menstruus
Parakeets Pyrrhura picta; Brotogeris chrysoptera Toucans Ramphastos tucanus, vitellinus Tinamous Tinamus major; Crypturellus variegatus Grey-winged trumpeter Phsopia crepitans Black Currosow (Powis) Crax alector Guans Penelope marial, jacquacu Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus
3.4 Herpetile transect surveys Methods To provide standardised abundance metrics, daytime visual encounter surveys (DVES) were completed along the transects in the morning hours between 08:00 and 11:00. Observers walked slowly along the transect, searching 10m either side of the transect. The team consisted of one experienced herpetologist (A. Snyder), and up to four research assistants. The geographical location of all encountered herpetofauna was recorded using a GPS, and toe or scale clippings were taken for DNA analysis as part of a wider research programme. Due to the fact that standardised DVES only record a subset of the herpetile species diversity, night-time visual encounter surveys (NVES) were completed to build a species lists for each site. NVES were conducted at varied hours after dark to ensure the most accurate representation of nocturnal species activity. Where possible, all micro-habitats were surveyed, including swampy areas, river banks and creeks. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of detections per 10km of transect.
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Target species All species were considered target species. 3.5 Burro-Burro River surveys Methods River surveys were conducted by boat. The boat drifted down river (with the engine switched off), and observers recorded all target species (Table 2 & 3) that were visually detected (see Table 2 & 3). Upon detection of target species, their location (GPS for otter and anaconda), group size and any available demographics were recorded. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of detections per 10km of transect. Target species Target species were selected based on species that are either restricted to riparian habitats, or regularly frequent riparian habitats, and on the likelihood of obtaining robust abundance metrics (Table 2 & 3). Table 2. Burro-Burro River mammal, reptile and fish target species
Taxa Species
Scientific name
Mammals
Giant river otter Pteronura brasiliensis Neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis
Reptiles Anaconda Eunectes marinus Giant river turtle Podocnemis expansa Yellow-spotted river turtle Podocnemis unifilis Black Caiman Melanosuchus niger Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus Schneider’s dwarf caiman Paleosuchus trigonatus Cuvier’s dwarf caiman Paleosuchus palpebrosus
Fish Arapaima Arapaima gigas
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Table 3. Burro-Burro River bird target species.
Family Species
Scientific name
Kingfishers
Amazon kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona American pygmy kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea Ringed kingfisher Megaceryle torquata Green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana Green & rufous kingfisher Chloroceryle inda Pygmy kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea
Tiger-herons Rufescent tiger-heron Tigrisoma lineatum
Herons & egrets Great egret Ardea alba Cocoi heron Ardea cocoi Grey heron Ardea cineria Little blue heron Egretta caerulaea Tri-coloured heron Egretta tricolor Striated heron Butorides striata Agami heron Agamia agami
Ibis
Green ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis
Ducks Muscovy duck Cairina moschata
Swallows White-winged swallow Tachycineta albiventer White-banded swallow Atticora fasciata
Terns Large-billed tern Phaetusa simplex
Other Anhinga Anhinga anhinga Neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Osprey Pandion haliaetus Black Skimmer Rhnchops niger
3.6 Giant otter status and distribution The methods for monitoring and understanding the distribution, habitat use and population dynamics of Giant River Otters were designed by the IUCN Otter Specialist Group (Groenendijk et al. 2005). This method is quite detailed and can be downloaded at www.giantotterresearch.com. The survey includes three major indicators of giant otters 1. abundance, 2. distribution and 3. habitat suitability. For the purpose of this survey we set out to measure only indicators 1 and 2. The locations of all camp sites, dens and latrines were recorded using a GPS. The history of occupancy and current use status, based on the occurrence of trampled plants and recent latrines were also recorded.
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4. Results 4.1 Survey effort A total of six independent sites were surveyed during the eight week period. Most sites were sampled for approximately six days, with the exception of Surama Palm Forest which was only sampled for one day. Table 4 summarises survey effort at each site for each survey method. Table 4. Survey effort for all sites surveyed in 2011.
Site Bird nets (12m net hours)
Bat nets (12m net hours)
Herpetile transect (km)
Mammal/large bird transect (km)
Burro-Burro River surveys (km)
Turtle Mountain 1332 612 7.2 32.0 - Kabocalli 1206 522 5.5 29.4 - Canopy Walkway 978 558 8.0 19.7 - Sandstone 1656 610 6.1 35.5 75.6 Surama Rock Landing 972 714 5.7 19.8 21.7 Surama Palm Forest* 102 168 - - - Total 6246 3184 32.5 136.4 97.3
* This site is excluded from most analysis due to comparatively low sampling effort.
4.2 Bird mist net surveys Seventy species of bird were caught using mist nets. No marked differences were detected between sites in terms of species diversity, although there was variation. However, mean capture rates were approximately twofold higher in the Surama Forest sites and Kabocalli, compared with the remaining sites (Table 5). Fig. 4 shows relative abundance by species for each site, plus all sites pooled. Wedge-billed woodcreeper was the most abundant species. Table 5. Summary of bird mist net data for all species combined.
Site Effort (12m net hours)
Total caught Catch rate (ind/1000 12m net hrs)
Species diversity (No. sp. caught)
Turtle Mountain 1332 99 74.32 27 Kabocalli 1206 142 117.76 36 Canopy Walkway 978 68 69.53 28 Sandstone 1656 126 76.09 35 Surama Rock Landing 972 145 149.19 36 Surama Palm Forest* 102 16 156.86 12 Pooled (all sites) 6246 596 95.42 70
* Note low survey effort at this site.
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te p
er
10
00
mis
t n
et
ho
urs
All sites pooled Surama Rock Landing
Kabocalli
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Wed
ge-b
illed
wo
od
cree
per
Wh
ite-
plu
med
An
tbir
d
Scal
e-b
acke
d A
ntb
ird
Cin
ereo
us
An
tsh
rike
Wh
ite-
cro
wn
ed M
anak
in
Wh
ite-
chin
ned
wo
od
cree
per
Bu
ff-T
hro
ated
wo
od
cree
per
Ferr
ugi
no
us-
bac
ked
An
tbir
d
Ru
fou
s-b
ellie
d A
ntw
ren
Bro
wn
Bel
lied
An
twre
n
Och
re-b
ellie
d F
lyca
tch
er
Wh
ite-
taile
d b
arb
thro
at
Wh
ite-
thro
ated
Man
akin
Ru
fou
s-th
roat
ed A
ntb
ird
Du
sky-
thro
ated
An
tsh
rike
Gre
y-b
reas
ted
Sab
rew
ing
Spo
t-w
inge
d A
ntb
ird
War
blin
g A
ntb
ird
Lon
g-w
inge
d A
ntw
ren
Wh
ite-
flan
ked
An
twre
n
McC
on
nel
l's F
lyca
tch
er
Blu
e-ch
inn
ed S
aph
ire
Am
eric
an P
ygm
y K
ingf
ish
er
Pla
in b
row
n W
oo
dcr
eep
er
Du
sky
An
tbir
d
Pla
in-w
inge
d A
ntw
ren
Yello
w-o
live
Flyc
atch
er
Hel
met
ed P
ygm
y-ty
ran
t
Cin
amo
n-c
rest
ed S
pad
ebill
Fork
-tai
led
Wo
od
nym
ph
Red
dis
h H
erm
it
Ch
estn
ut-
rum
ped
wo
od
cree
per
Am
azo
nia
n b
arre
d w
oo
dcr
eep
er
Red
-bill
ed w
oo
dcr
eep
er
Gu
ian
an R
ed c
oti
nga
Cat
ch r
ate
per
100
0 n
et h
ou
rs
Sandstone
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Wed
ge-b
illed
woo
dcre
eper
Scal
e-ba
cked
Ant
bird
Gre
en-a
nd-r
ufou
s Ki
ngfis
her
Whi
te-t
hroa
ted
Man
akin
Rufo
us-t
hroa
ted
Ant
bird
Whi
te-p
lum
ed A
ntbi
rd
Cina
mon
-cre
sted
Spa
debi
ll
Plai
n br
own
Woo
dcre
eper
McC
onne
ll's
Flyc
atch
er
Buff
-Thr
oate
d w
oodc
reep
er
Rufo
us-c
appe
d A
ntth
rush
Blue
-bla
ck G
rosb
eak
Rufo
us-b
ellie
d A
ntw
ren
Rudd
y Q
uail-
dove
Whi
te-c
row
ned
Man
akin
Dus
ky A
ntbi
rd
Spot
ted
Ant
pitt
a
Dus
ky-t
hroa
ted
Ant
shri
ke
Cine
reou
s A
ntsh
rike
Long
-win
ged
Ant
wre
n
Brow
n Be
llied
Ant
wre
n
Am
azon
ian
Roya
l Fly
catc
her
Och
re-b
ellie
d Fl
ycat
cher
Am
eric
an P
ygm
y Ki
ngfis
her
Fulv
ous-
cres
ted
Tana
ger
Ches
tnut
woo
dpec
ker
Catc
h ra
te p
er 1
000
net
hour
s
Turtle Mountain Canopy Walkway
42 further species
Fig. 4. Bird species relative abundance by site. Abundance is expressed as capture rate per 1000 hours of 12m mist net. 4.3 Bat mist net surveys 41 species of bat were caught using mist nets. Bat surveys showed a marked difference between the Iwokrama Forest, and the Surama Forest sites. In particular, relative abundance of bats was much higher in the Surama Forests (Table 6). Fig. 5 shows relative abundance by species for each site, plus all sites pooled. Artibeus planirostris was the most abundant species at all but one site. Two species (Furipteridae: Furipterus horrens; Phyllostominae: Mimon bennetti) not previously been recorded in the Iwokrama Forest were caught in the mist nets, increasing the known bat species diversity to 88 species (Lim & Engstrom 2005).
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
12
Table 6. Summary of bat mist net data for all species combined
Site Effort (12m net hours)
Total caught Catch rate (ind/1000 12m net hrs)
Species diversity (No. sp. caught)
Turtle Mountain 612 94 153.59 20 Kabocalli 522 109 208.81 17 Canopy Walkway 558 36 64.52 12 Sandstone 610 56 91.8 17 Surama Rock Landing 714 220 308.12 28 Surama Palm Forest* 168 69 410.71 15 Pooled (all sites) 3184 584 183.42 41
*Note low survey effort at this site
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ca
roll
ia p
ers
pic
illa
ta
Art
ibe
us
pla
nir
ost
ris
Pte
ron
otu
s p
arn
ell
ii
Lo
ph
ost
om
a s
ilvic
olu
m
Art
ibe
us
ob
scu
rus
Ph
yll
ost
om
us
elo
ng
atu
s
Rh
ino
ph
yll
a p
um
ilio
Lo
nch
op
hyll
a t
ho
ma
si
Mim
on
cre
nu
latu
m
Art
ibe
us
litu
ratu
s
Fu
rip
teru
s h
orr
en
s
Glo
sso
ph
ag
a s
ori
cin
a
Lo
ph
ost
om
a s
ch
ulz
i
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
bra
ch
yo
tis
Ph
yll
od
erm
a s
ten
op
s
Me
sop
hyll
a m
acco
nn
ell
i
Pla
tyrr
hin
us
he
lle
ri
Ca
tch
ra
te p
er
10
00
ne
t h
ou
rs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Art
ibeu
s p
lan
iro
stri
s
Art
ibeu
s lit
ura
tus
Ca
rolli
a p
ersp
icill
ata
Art
ibeu
s o
bsc
uru
s
Lop
ho
sto
ma
silv
ico
lum
Lon
cho
ph
ylla
th
om
asi
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s el
on
ga
tus
Tra
cho
ps
cirr
ho
sus
Ch
iro
der
ma
vill
osu
m
Pte
ron
otu
s p
arn
ellii
Glo
sso
ph
ag
a s
ori
cin
a
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
meg
alo
tis
Ton
ati
a s
au
rop
hila
Uro
der
ma
bilo
ba
tum
Rh
ino
ph
ylla
pu
mili
o
Des
mo
du
s ro
tun
du
s
Lop
ho
sto
ma
bra
silie
nse
Mim
on
ben
net
ti
Ph
yllo
der
ma
ste
no
ps
Art
ibeu
s co
nco
lor
Cat
ch r
ate
pe
r 1
00
0 n
et
ho
urs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Art
ibeu
s p
lan
iro
stri
s
Art
ibeu
s lit
ura
tus
Lop
ho
sto
ma
silv
ico
lum
Art
ibeu
s o
bsc
uru
s
Des
mo
du
s ro
tun
du
s
Ca
rolli
a p
ersp
icill
ata
Va
mp
yres
sa b
iden
s
Rh
ino
ph
ylla
pu
mili
o
Lon
cho
ph
ylla
th
om
asi
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s el
on
ga
tus
Tra
cho
ps
cirr
ho
sus
Glo
sso
ph
ag
a s
ori
cin
a
Ch
roto
pte
rus
au
ritu
s
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
meg
alo
tis
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
min
uta
Mim
on
cre
nu
latu
m
Va
mp
yru
m s
pec
tru
m
Cat
ch r
ate
pe
r 1
00
0 n
et
ho
urs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Art
ibeu
s pl
anir
ostr
is
Caro
llia
pers
pici
llata
Art
ibeu
s lit
urat
us
Rhi
noph
ylla
pum
ilio
Pter
onot
us p
arne
llii
Glo
ssop
haga
sor
icin
a
Mim
on b
enne
tti
Art
ibeu
s ob
scur
us
Loph
osto
ma
silv
icol
um
Phyl
lost
omus
elo
ngat
us
Vam
pyre
ssa
bide
ns
Catc
h r
ate
per
100
0 n
et h
ou
rs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Art
ibeu
s p
lan
iro
stri
s
Art
ibeu
s lit
ura
tus
Ca
rolli
a p
ersp
icill
ata
Lop
ho
sto
ma
silv
ico
lum
Art
ibeu
s o
bsc
uru
s
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s el
on
ga
tus
Rh
ino
ph
ylla
pu
mili
o
Des
mo
du
s ro
tun
du
s
Lon
cho
ph
ylla
th
om
asi
Pte
ron
otu
s p
arn
ellii
Glo
sso
ph
ag
a s
ori
cin
a
Am
etr
ida
cen
turi
o
Mim
on
cre
nu
latu
m
Tra
cho
ps
cirr
ho
sus
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s h
ast
atu
s
Va
mp
yres
sa b
iden
s
Stu
rnir
a li
lium
No
ctili
o le
po
rin
us
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
meg
alo
tis
Mim
on
ben
net
ti
Ch
roto
pte
rus
au
ritu
s
Ph
yllo
der
ma
ste
no
ps
To
na
tia
sa
uro
ph
ila
Art
ibeu
s ci
ner
eus
Ch
iro
der
ma
vill
osu
m
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
min
uta
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s d
isco
lor
Pla
tyrr
hin
us
hel
leri
Uro
der
ma
bilo
ba
tum
Cat
ch r
ate
pe
r 1
00
0 n
et
ho
urs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Art
ibeu
s p
lan
iro
stri
s
Art
ibeu
s lit
ura
tus
Ca
rolli
a p
ersp
icill
ata
Art
ibeu
s o
bsc
uru
s
Lop
ho
sto
ma
silv
ico
lum
Am
etri
da
cen
turi
o
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s el
on
ga
tus
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s h
ast
atu
s
Stu
rnir
a li
lium
No
ctili
o le
po
rin
us
Des
mo
du
s ro
tun
du
s
Rh
ino
ph
ylla
pu
mili
o
Glo
sso
ph
ag
a s
ori
cin
a
Tra
cho
ps
cirr
ho
sus
Lon
cho
ph
ylla
th
om
asi
Ch
roto
pte
rus
au
ritu
s
Ph
yllo
sto
mu
s d
isco
lor
Rh
ynch
on
ycte
ris
na
so
Sacc
op
tery
x b
ilin
eata
Pte
ron
otu
s p
arn
ellii
No
ctili
o a
lbiv
entr
is
Mic
ron
ycte
ris
min
uta
Mic
ron
yste
ris
hir
sute
Mim
on
ben
net
ti
Mim
on
cre
nu
latu
m
Ton
ati
a s
au
rop
hila
Pla
tyrr
hin
us
hel
leri
Stu
rnir
a t
ilda
e
Cat
ch r
ate
pe
r 1
00
0 n
et
ho
urs
All sites pooled Surama Rock Landing
Kabocalli
Sandstone
Turtle Mountain
Canopy Walkway
12 further species
Fig. 5. Bat species relative abundance by site. Abundance is expressed as capture rate per 1000 hours of 12m mist net.
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
13
4.4 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds All target large-ranging birds (or functional groups) were detected at each site. At most sites, with the exception of Surama Forest, and Canopy Walkway, toucans were the most abundant group. Of the mammals, primates were the most abundant group at all sites, with Red Howler Monkey the most commonly detected species. There was little variation in the abundance of mammals between sites, however large-ranging bird encounter rates did vary between sites (Table 7 & Fig. 6). Table 7. Summary of large mammal and large ranging bird transect data for all species combined
Site Effort (km)
Total detections
Encounter rate (ind/10 km)
Turtle Mountain 32.0 198 61.9 Kabocalli 29.4 157 53.4 Canopy Walkway 19.7 151 76.7 Sandstone 35.5 289 81.4 Surama Rock Landing 19.8 184 92.9 Pooled (all sites) 136.4 979 71.8
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
Red
How
ler
Mon
key
Broc
ket
deer
spp
.
Tapi
r
Blac
k Sp
ider
Mon
key
Wed
ge-c
appe
d Ca
puch
in
Ago
uti
Oce
lot
Parr
ot s
pp.
Touc
an s
pp.
Para
keet
spp
.
Mac
aw s
pp.
Tina
mou
spp
.
Blac
k Cu
rass
ow
Gre
y-w
inge
d Tr
umpe
ter
Red-
thro
ated
Car
acar
a
Gua
n sp
p.
Enco
unte
r ra
te (i
nd o
r gr
oups
/ 1
0km
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Re
d H
ow
ler
Mo
nke
y
Bla
ck S
pid
er
Mo
nke
y
We
dge
-cap
pe
d C
apu
chin
Ago
uti
Pac
a
Bro
cke
t d
eer
sp
p.
Jagu
aru
nd
i
Tou
can
sp
p.
Mac
aw s
pp
.
Par
rot
spp
.
Par
akee
t sp
p.
Tin
amo
u s
pp
.
Gre
y-w
inge
d T
rum
pet
er
Re
d-t
hro
ated
Car
acar
a
Gu
an s
pp
.
Bla
ck C
ura
sso
w
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d o
r gr
ou
ps
/ 1
0km
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Red
Ho
wle
r M
on
key
Bla
ck S
pid
er M
on
key
Wed
ge-c
app
ed C
apu
chin
Ago
uti
Jagu
ar
Tap
ir
Tou
can
sp
p.
Par
akee
t sp
p.
Par
rot
spp
.
Tin
amo
u s
pp
.
Mac
aw s
pp
.
Bla
ck C
ura
sso
w
Gu
an s
pp
.
Red
-th
roat
ed C
arac
ara
Gre
y-w
inge
d T
rum
pet
er
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d o
r gr
ou
ps
/ 1
0km
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Red
Ho
wle
r M
on
key
Ago
uti
Bro
cket
dee
r sp
p.
Bla
ck S
pid
er M
on
key
Tap
ir
Pac
a
Wed
ge-c
app
ed C
apu
chin
Jagu
ar
Co
llare
d p
ecca
ry
Gia
nt
An
teat
er
Mar
gay
Oce
lot
Tou
can
sp
p.
Par
rot
spp
.
Mac
aw s
pp
.
Par
akee
t sp
p.
Tin
amo
u s
pp
.
Red
-th
roat
ed C
arac
ara
Gre
y-w
inge
d T
rum
pet
er
Bla
ck C
ura
sso
w
Gu
an s
pp
.
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d o
r gr
ou
ps
/ 10
km)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Re
d H
ow
ler
Mo
nke
y
Bla
ck S
pid
er
Mo
nke
y
Ago
uti
Bro
cke
t d
eer
sp
p.
Tap
ir
We
dge
-cap
pe
d C
apu
chin
Pac
a
Jagu
ar
Gia
nt
An
teat
er
Oce
lot
Co
llare
d p
ecc
ary
Jagu
aru
nd
i
Mar
gay
Tou
can
sp
p.
Par
rot
spp
.
Mac
aw s
pp
.
Par
akee
t sp
p.
Tin
amo
u s
pp
.
Bla
ck C
ura
sso
w
Gre
y-w
inge
d T
rum
pet
er
Re
d-t
hro
ated
Car
acar
a
Gu
an s
pp
.
Enco
un
ter
rate
(In
d o
r gr
ou
ps
/ 1
0km
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
We
dge
-cap
pe
d C
apu
chin
Bla
ck S
pid
er
Mo
nke
y
Re
d H
ow
ler
Mo
nke
y
Tap
ir
Bro
cke
t d
eer
sp
p.
Ago
uti
Pac
a
Gia
nt
An
teat
er
Mac
aw s
pp
.
Par
rot
spp
.
Tou
can
sp
p.
Bla
ck C
ura
sso
w
Tin
amo
u s
pp
.
Par
akee
t sp
p.
Re
d-t
hro
ated
Car
acar
a
Gu
an s
pp
.
Gre
y-w
inge
d T
rum
pet
er
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d o
r gr
ou
ps
/ 1
0km
)
All sites pooled Surama Forest
Kabocalli Sandstone
Turtle Mountain Canopy Walkway
Fig. 6. Large mammal (grey) and large ranging bird (white) encounter rates (ind or groups/10km) across all sites. Two transects per site were repeatedly surveyed over an approximately 6 day period. 4.5 Herpetile surveys (transects and opportunistic) 65 species of reptile (37) and amphibian (28) were recorded using transects searches, opportunistic searches and pit-fall traps. Species diversity showed no marked difference between sites. However relative abundance on transect searches was much lower in the Surama Forest (Table 8) than all other sites. Fig. 7 shows relative abundance by species for each site, plus all sites pooled, for species detected during transect daytime walks. Gonotodes humeralis was the most abundant species encountered during transect walks. Fig. 7 does not include species detected through opportunistic searches.
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
15
One species of snake (Philodryas viridissimus) not previously recorded in the Iwokrama Forest was found at the Canopy Walkway site, increasing the known reptile species diversity to 83 species (Donelly et al. 2005). Table 8. Summary herpetile transect data for all species combined, plus overall species diversity
Site Effort (km) Total detections
Encounter rate (ind/10km)
Species diversity (No. sp. caught)
Turtle Mountain 7.2 21 29.2 28 Kabocalli 5.5 15 27.3 28 Canopy Walkway 8.0 17 21.25 30 Sandstone 6.1 14 23.0 30 Surama Rock Landing 5.7 10 17.5 30 Pooled (all sites) 32.5 77 23.7 65
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s m
yst
ace
us
All
ob
ate
s fe
mo
rali
s
Go
na
tod
es
hu
me
rali
s
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s rh
od
om
yst
ax
Ost
eo
cep
ha
lus
tau
rin
us
En
cou
nte
r ra
te (
ind
/ 1
0k
m)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Go
na
tod
es
hu
me
rali
s
Lep
oso
ma
pe
rca
rin
atu
m
Ard
ou
s o
rto
nii
Bo
thro
ps
atr
ox
De
nd
rop
hry
nis
cus
min
utu
s
Ph
ysa
lae
mu
s e
ph
ipp
ife
r
Rh
ine
lla
sp
.
Rh
ine
lla
typ
ho
niu
s
En
cou
nte
r ra
te (
ind
/ 1
0k
m)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Gon
ato
des
hu
mer
alis
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s sp
.
Rh
inel
la t
yph
oniu
s
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s m
ysta
ceu
s
Chi
ron
ius
fusc
us
Lep
oso
ma
per
cari
natu
m
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s lin
eatu
s
Ma
bu
ya b
istr
iata
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d /
10
km)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s sp
.
Rh
inel
la t
yph
on
ius
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s rh
od
om
ysta
x
Am
eiva
am
eiva
Go
na
tod
es h
um
era
lis
Hyp
sib
oa
s sp
.
Lep
oso
ma
per
cari
na
tum
Ost
eoce
ph
alu
s ta
uri
nu
s
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d /
10
km)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Pse
ud
og
on
ato
des
gu
ian
ensi
s
Den
dro
ba
tes
leu
com
elu
s
Go
na
tod
es h
um
era
lis
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s kn
ud
ensi
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s m
ysta
ceu
s
Ph
ysa
laem
us
eph
ipp
ifer
Rh
aeb
o g
utt
atu
s
Rh
inel
la t
yph
on
ius
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d /
10
km)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Go
na
tod
es h
um
era
lis
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s m
ysta
ceu
s
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s sp
.
Rh
inel
la t
yph
on
ius
Lep
oso
ma
per
cari
na
tum
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s rh
od
om
ysta
x
Pse
ud
og
on
ato
des
gu
ian
ensi
s
Allo
ba
tes
fem
ora
lis
Ost
eoce
ph
alu
s ta
uri
nu
s
Ph
ysa
laem
us
eph
ipp
ifer
Am
eiva
am
eiva
Ard
ou
s o
rto
nii
Bo
thro
ps
atr
ox
Ch
iro
niu
s fu
scu
s
Den
dro
ba
tes
leu
com
elu
s
Den
dro
ph
ryn
iscu
s m
inu
tus
Hyp
sib
oa
s sp
.
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s kn
ud
ensi
Lep
tod
act
ylu
s lin
eatu
s
Ma
bu
ya b
istr
iata
Rh
aeb
o g
utt
atu
s
Rh
inel
la s
p.
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d /
10
km)
All sites pooled Surama Rock Landing
Kabocalli Sandstone
Turtle Mountain Canopy Walkway
Fig. 7. Herpetile encounter rates (ind/10km of transect) across all sites. Two transects per site were repeatedly surveyed over an approximately 6 day period. 4.6 Burro-Burro River surveys Species diversity was lower on the river stretches adjacent to the Surama Forest (Fig. 8). This is expected however, as the river is much smaller along this stretch, compared with the larger stretch of the river surveyed in the Iwokrama Forest around Sandstone. The key finding of these surveys is what appears to be niche separation in the two largest kingfisher species. In the river adjacent to the Surama Forest, the Ringed kingfisher was markedly the most common kingfisher, however in the river stretches within the Iwokrama Forest, the Amazon kingfisher was the most abundant.
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
17
Grey heron was also detected along the Sandstone stretch of the Burro-Burro. This is unusual as this species is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Grey heron have been recorded as vagrant in Trinidad, so it is possible that this species has now established itself in Northern South America also. 4.7 Giant otter status and distribution Giant river otters were only detected once during the surveys, and this was most likely due to the high river levels during the survey period. River levels also prevented the teams from detecting otter campsites and dens. Table 9. Summary
Site Effort (km) Total detections
Encounter rate (ind /10km – all sp.)
Sandstone stretch 75.6 505 66.8 Surama stretch 21.7 181 83.4 Pooled (all sites) 97.3 686 70.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Wh
ite
-ba
nd
ed
sw
allo
w
Rin
ged
kin
gfis
he
r
Am
azo
n k
ingf
ish
er
Co
coi H
ero
n
Gre
en
ibis
Gre
en
kin
gfis
he
r
Gre
en
& r
ufo
us
kin
gfis
he
r
An
hin
ga
We
dg
e-c
ap
pe
d C
ap
uch
in
Gia
nt
rive
r o
tte
r
En
cou
nte
r ra
te (
ind
/ 1
0k
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Am
azo
n k
ingf
ish
er
Co
coi H
ero
n
Wh
ite-
ban
de
d s
wal
low
Rin
ged
kin
gfis
he
r
Gre
y h
ero
n
An
hin
ga
Gre
en
kin
gfis
he
r
Wh
ite-
win
ged
sw
allo
w
Gre
en
& r
ufo
us
kin
gfis
he
r
Mu
sco
vy d
uck
Stri
ate
d h
ero
n
Ru
fesc
ent
tige
r-h
ero
n
Am
eric
an p
ygm
y ki
ngf
ish
er
Bla
ck-c
row
ned
nig
ht
he
ron
Gre
en
ibis
Tri-
colo
ure
d h
ero
n
We
dge
-cap
pe
d C
apu
chin
Re
d H
ow
ler
Mo
nke
y
Bla
ck s
pid
er m
on
key
Tam
and
ua
Two
-to
ed s
loth
Wh
ite-
face
d s
aki m
on
key
Enco
un
ter
rate
(in
d /
10
km) Sandstone stretch Surama stretch
Fig. 8. Pooled encounter rates (ind/10km of river) for river associated birds (grey) and mammals (white) along a 12km stretch of the Burro-Burro River around Sandstone camp, and 9km stretch of the Burro-Burro River around Surama Forest. These stretches of the river were repeatedly surveyed over an approximately 6 day period. 4.8 Other opportunistic findings During surveys at Kabocalli the teams observed a large roost of Agami herons at Ladysmith Creek (just south of Kabocalli). Although numbers were not formally counted, it is estimated that this roost is home to c.50 pairs and therefore it is likely that it represents an important breeding site for this species in the area. IIC’s monitoring data also suggest that this site is also important for several other heron species which can be found here in large numbers.
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
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5. References Bicknell, J., & Peres, C.A., 2010. Vertebrate population responses to reduced-impact logging in a
neotropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 259, 2267-2275. Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L., & Thomas, L., 2001.
Introduction to Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Donnelly, M.A., Chen, M.H., & Watkins, G.G. 2005. Sampling amphibians and reptiles in the
Iwokrama Forest ecosystem. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 154, 55-69.
Groenendijk, J et al. 2005. Surveying and Monitoring Distribution and Population Trends of the Giant
Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) – Guidelines for a Standardisation of Survey Methods as recommended by the Giant Otter Section of the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. Habitat. 16. Available at www.giantotterresearch.com
Hilty, S. 2002. Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. Lim, B.K., & Engstrom, H.D., 2001. Species diversity of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Iwokrama
Forest, Guyana, and the Guianan subregion: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation. 10, 613-657.
Lim, B.K., & Engstrom, M.D., 2005. Mammals of Iwokrama Forest. Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 154, 71-108. Peres, C.A., 1999. General guidelines for standardizing line-transect surveys of tropical forest
primates. Neotropical Primates. 7, 11-16. Peres, C.A., Palacios, E., 2007. Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities
in Amazonian forests: implications for animal mediated seed dispersal. Biotropica. 39, 304-315. Restall, R., Rodner, C. & Lentino, M. 2006. Birds of Northern South America: An identification guide.
Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
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6. Appendix Appendix 1. Understory bird species presence per site.
Family Species
Pooled (all sites)
Canopy Walkway
Kabocalli Sandstone Surama
- PF Surama
- RL Turtle
Mountain
Antbirds
Ferruginous-backed Antbird X - X X - X -
Wing-banded Antbird X - - - - X -
Scale-backed Antbird X - X X - X X
White-plumed Antbird X X X X X X X
Spot-winged Antbird X - X X - - -
Dusky Antbird X - X X - - X
Rufous-throated Antbird X X X X - X X
Warbling Antbird X X X X - - -
Antpittas
Spotted Antpitta X - - - - X X
Thrush-like Antpitta X X - - - - -
Antshrikes
Mouse-coloured Antshrike X X - - - X -
Dusky-throated Antshrike X X - X X X X
Cinereous Antshrike X X X X X X X
Anthrushes
Rufous-capped Antthrush X - X - X - X
Antwrens
Rufous-bellied Antwren X X X X X X X
Long-winged Antwren X X X X - X X
White-flanked Antwren X X X X - X -
Plain-winged Antwren X - - X - - -
Brown Bellied Antwren X X X X - - X
Grey Antwren X - - - - X -
Doves/Pigeons
Pale-vented pigeon X - - - - X -
Ruddy Quail-dove X - X - - X X
Grey-fronted dove X - - - - X -
Flycatchers
Yellow-olive Flycatcher X - - X - - -
Whiskered Flycatcher X X X - - - -
Amazonian Royal Flycatcher X - - - - - X
Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher X - X - - - -
Ochre-bellied Flycatcher X X X X - X X
McConnell's Flycatcher X X X X - X X
Olivaceous flatbill X X X - - X -
Helmeted Pygmy-tyrant X - - X - - -
Spadebills
Golden-crowned spadebill X - - - - X -
White-crested Spadebill X X X - - X -
Cinamon-crested Spadebill X - X X X - X
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Foliage-gleaners
Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner X - X - - - -
Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner X X - - - - -
Buff-Throated foliage-gleaner X X - - - - - Chestnut-crowned foliage-gleaner X - - - - X -
Grosbeaks
Red and black Grosbeak X - X - - - -
Blue-black Grosbeak X - X - - - X
Hummingbirds
Fork-tailed Woodnymph X - X X - - -
Blue-chinned Saphire X - - X - - -
White-tailed barbthroat X X - X X - -
Grey-breasted Sabrewing X - - X - X -
Eastern Long-tailed Hermit X - - - - X -
Reddish Hermit X - X X - - -
Rufous-Breasted Hermit X - - - X X -
Kingfishers
Green-and-rufous Kingfisher X - - - - - X
American Pygmy Kingfisher X - - X - - X
Manakins
White-crowned Manakin X X X X - X X
Golden-headed Manakin X - - - - X -
White-throated Manakin X X X X - X X
Tanagers
Fulvous-crested Tanager X - - - - - X
Fulvous Shrike Tanager X X - - - - -
Woodcreepers
Chestnut-rumped woodcreeper X - - X - - -
White-chinned woodcreeper X - X X - - -
Buff-Throated woodcreeper X X X X - X X
Wedge-billed woodcreeper X X X X X X X
Amazonian barred woodcreeper X - X X - X -
Plain brown Woodcreeper X X X X X X X
Red-billed woodcreeper X - - X - - -
Others
Guianan Red cotinga X - - X - - -
Black Nunbird X - - - X - -
Chestnut woodpecker X - X - - - X
Coraya Wren X - - - - X -
Plain Xenops X - - - - X -
Collared Puffbird X X - - - - -
White-necked Thrush X - X - - X -
Thrush-Like Schiffornis X X X - X - -
Tawny-crowned greenlet X X - - - X -
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
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Appendix 2. Bat species presence per site. Family
Sub-family Genus species
Pooled (all sites)
Canopy Walkway
Kabocalli Sandstone Surama -
PF Surama -
RL Turtle
Mountain
Emballonuridae
Rhynchonycteris naso X - - - - X -
Saccopteryx bilineata X - - - - X -
Furipteridae
Furipterus horrens* X - - X - - -
Mormoopidae
Pteronotus parnellii X X - X - X X
Noctilionidae
Noctilio albiventris X - - - - X -
Noctilio leporinus X - - - - X -
Phyllostomidae
Caroliinae
Carollia perspicillata X X X X X X X
Rhinophylla pumilio X X X X - X X
Desmodontinae
Desmodus rotundus X - X - X X X
Glossophaginae
Glossophaga soricina X X X X X X X
Lonchophylla thomasi X - X X X X X
Phyllostominae
Chrotopterus auritus X - X - - X -
Lophostoma brasiliense X - - - - - X
Lophostoma schulzi X - - X - - -
Lophostoma silvicolum X X X X X X X
micronycteris brachyotis X - - X - - -
Micronycteris megalotis X - X - X - X
Micronycteris minuta X - X - - X -
Micronysteris hirsute X - - - - X -
Mimon bennetti* X X - - - X X
Mimon crenulatum X - X X X X -
Phylloderma stenops X - - X X - X
Phyllostomus discolor X - - - - X -
Phyllostomus elongatus X X X X X X X
Phyllostomus hastatus X - - - X X -
Tonatia saurophila X - - - - X X
Trachops cirrhosus X - X - - X X
Vampyrum spectrum X - X - - - -
Stenodernatinae
Ametrida centurio X - - - X X -
Artibeus cinereus X - - - X - -
Artibeus concolor X - - - - - X
Artibeus lituratus X X X X X X X
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
22
Artibeus obscurus X X X X - X X
Artibeus planirostris X X X X X X X
Chiroderma villosum X - - - - - X
Mesophylla macconnelli X - - X - - -
Platyrrhinus helleri X - - X - X -
Sturnira lilium X - - - - X -
Sturnira tildae X - - - - X -
Uroderma bilobatum X - - - - - X
Vampyressa bidens X X X - X - -
*Not previously recorded in the Iwokrama Forest.
Appendix 3. Large mammal and large-ranging bird species presence by site.
Group Species
Pooled (all sites)
Canopy Walkway
Kabocalli Sandstone Surama Forest
Turtle Mountain
Mammals
Primates
Black Spider Monkey X X X X X X
Red Howler Monkey X X X X X X
Wedge-capped Capuchin X X X X X X
Rodents
Agouti X X X X X X
Paca X - - X X X
Ungulates
Brocket deer spp. X X - X X X
Collared peccary X - - X - -
Brazilian Tapir X X X X X -
Carnivore
Jaguar X - X X - -
Jaguarundi X - - - - X
Margay X - - X - -
Ocelot X X - X - -
Large ranging birds Red-throated Caracara X X X X X X
Black Curassow X X X X X X
Guan spp. X X X X X X
Macaw spp. X X X X X X
Parakeet spp. X X X X X X
Parrot spp. X X X X X X
Tinamou spp. X X X X X X
Toucan spp. X X X X X X
Grey-winged Trumpeter X X X X X X
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Appendix 4. Reptile and amphibian species presence by site.
Group Species
Canopy Walkway
Kabocalli Sandstone Surama Forest
Turtle Mountain
Frog/toad
Adenomera andrae X
X Allobates femoralis X X
X
Dendrobates leucomelas
X Dendrophyrniscus minutus
X
Dendropsophus leucophyllatus
X Hypsiboas calcaratus
X X
Hypsiboas cinerascens X
X Hypsiboas crepitans X
Hypsiboas geographicus
X X
Hamptophryne boliviana
X
Hypsiboas boans
X X X X
Leptodactylus knudensi X X X X X
Leptodactylus lineatus
X
Leptodactylus longirostris
Leptodactylus mystaceus X X
X X
Leptodactylus petersi
X
Leptodactylus rhodomystax X X X Leptodactylus bolivianus X X X X X
Osteocephalus lepreurii X X X X Osteocephalus taurinus X X
Phyllomedusa bicolor
X
X Physalaemus ephippifer X X X X X
Pipa pipa
X
Rhaebo guttatus
X X X
Rhinella marina X
X X X
Rhinella typhonius X X X X X
Scinax ruber
X Turtles
Chelonoidis denticulata
X Platemys platycephala
X
Podocnemis expansa X
X Rhinoclemmys punctulaia X X
Alligators
Caiman crocodilus X
X
Melanosuchus niger
X
X X
Lizards
Ameiva ameiva X X
X X
Anolis fuscoauratus X
X Anolis nitens X
X
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
24
Gonatodes humeralis X X X X X
Iguana iguana
X X
Kentropyx calcarata
X X X
Leposoma percarinatum X X X X
Mabuya nigropuncatus
X X
Plica plica X
X Pseudogonatodes guianensis X
X X
Thecadactylus rapicauda X
X X X
Tupinambus teguixin
X
Uranoscodon superciliosus
X X X Snakes
Bothriopsis bilineata X
Bothrops atrox X
X X X
Chironius fuscus
X X
Chironius scurrulus
X X
Chironius sp.
X X
Clelia clelia
X Corallus hortulanus
X
X X
Dipsas catesbyi X
Dipsas indica
X
Dipsas variegata
X Epicrates cenchria
X
Erythrolamprus aesculapii
X Eunectes murinus
X
Imantodes cenchoa
X
X Leptodeira annulata
X
X X
Liophis reginae
X
Oxyrhopus melanogenys X X
Philodryas viridissimus* X
Siphlophus compressus X
X
*Not previously recorded in the Iwokrama Forest.
Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011
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Appendix 5. River target species presence by river transect site
Species Burro-Burro River (Sandstone stretch)
Burro-Burro River (Surama Forest stretch)
Kingfishers
Amazon kingfisher X X
American pygmy kingfisher X -
Green & rufous kingfisher X X
Green kingfisher X X
Ringed kingfisher X X
Herons
Grey heron X -
Cocoi Heron X X
Black-crowned night heron X -
Rufescent tiger-heron X -
Striated heron X -
Tri-coloured heron X -
Swallows
White-banded swallow X X
White-winged swallow X -
Other birds
Anhinga X X
Muscovy duck X -
Green ibis X X
Mammals
Giant river otter - X
Black spider monkey X -
Red howler monkey X -
Wedge-capped capuchin monkey X X
White-faced saki monkey X -
Southern Tamandua X -
Southern two-toed sloth X -
Reptiles
Anaconda X -
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